LIBRARY 

OF  THK 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIKT  OK 


^Accession        100182        Class 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  1. 


ROBERT  L.  TAYLOR,  CENTENNIAL  GOVERNOR  OF  TENNESSEE. 


REPORT 


ON  THE 


UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  EXHIBIT 


AT  THE 


TENNESSEE  CENTENNIAL  EXPOSITION, 


NASHVILLE, 


1897. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
IQOI. 


[PUBLIC  RESOLUTION— No.  14.] 

JOINT  RESOLUTION  providing  for  the  publication  of  the  report  of  the  board  of 
management  of  the  United  States  Government  exhibit  at  the  Tennessee  Cen- 
tennial Exposition. 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  A'merica  in  Congress  assembled,  That  so  much  as  may  be  neces- 
sary of  the  unexpended  balance  of  the  appropriation  of  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  provided  for  in  section  three  of  the  Act  to  aid  and 
encourage  the  holding  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  at  Nash- 
ville in  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety -seven,  approved  December  twenty- 
second,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety -six,  be  applied  to  the  preparation  of 
illustrations  and  the  printing  and  binding  at  the  Government  Printing 
Office  of  six  thousand  copies  of  the  report  of  the  board  of  management  of 
the  United  States  Government  exhibit  at  said  exposition,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  chairman  of  said  board. 

Approved,  March  2,  1901. 

II 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Report  of  the  board  of  management I 

Reports  of  the  representatives: 

Department  of  State 31 

Treasury  Department 35 

War  Department 39 

Navy  Department 49 

Post-Office  Department 57 

Department  of  the  Interior  .  . . ; 63 

Department  of  Justice 7g 

Department  of  Agriculture 85^ 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum 99 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 123 

APPENDICES. 

A. — Statement  of  apportionment  and  transfers  of  funds  among  the     . 
several  allotments  of  the  appropriation  "Tennessee  Centen- 
nial Exposition  " 137 

B. — History  of  bills  and  resolutions  introduced  in  the  United  States 

Congress  relating  to  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition .  .        141 

C. — Officers  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition 143 

D. — Charter  of  incorporation  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  Com- 
pany of  Tennessee 143 

E. — Report  of  the  president  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion    145 

F. — Report  of  the  auditor  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.       148 

G. — Report  of  the  department  of  concessions,  Tennessee  Centen- 
nial Exposition 151 

H. — Statistics  of  the  department  of  admissions,  Tennessee  Centen- 
nial Exposition 153 

I. — I/ist  of  special  days,  congresses,   etc.,  Tennessee  Centennial 

Exposition 158 

J. — "The  exposition  and  its  structures;"  a  description  of  the 
grounds  and  buildings  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion    165 

K. — Preliminary  report  of  the  jury  of  awards,  Tennessee  Centen- 
nial Exposition 174 

Iy. — Centennial  city  ordinances 182 

M. — An  act  for  the  admission  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  into  the 

Union 188 

in 


100182 


Vi  Illustrations. 

Department  of  Agriculture  exhibits:                              Facing  page. 
PLATE  25.          General  view  of  exhibits  along  main  aisle 85 

26.  Exhibits  of  division  of  forestry 91 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum  exhibits: 

27.  Floor  plan 99 

28.  Portraits  of   Secretaries  of  Smithsonian  Institution; 

exhibits  of  National  Zoological  Park,  Bureau  of 
International  Exchanges,  Astrophysical  Observa- 
tory, etc 101 

29.  Model  of  Kiowa  Indian  camping  circle,  exhibit  of 

Bureau  of  American  Ethnology 103 

30.  General  view  of  exhibits  on  main  aisle  (National 

Museum) 105 

31.  General  view  of  exhibits  on  main  aisle  (National 

Museum ) 107 

32.  Exhibit  of  department  of  insects,  National  Museum.       109 

33.  Exhibits     of     section     of     religious     ceremonials, 

National  Museum in 

34.  Exhibit  of  department  of  prehistoric  archaeology, 

National  Museum 117 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  exhibits: 

35.  Floor  plan 123 

36.  Exhibits  at  west  entrance  to  aquarium,  looking  in 

aquarium 127 

37.  Exhibits  at  west  entrance  to  aquarium 131 

38.  Exhibits  at  east  entrance  to  aquarium 133 

Grounds  and  buildings: 

39.  Plan  of  exposition  grounds 137 

40.  General  view  of  grounds,  looking   northeast   from 

top  of  Woman's  building,  showing  Parthenon, 
History  building,  Machinery  hall,  Negro  build- 
ing, Hygiene  and  Education  building,  portion  of 
Auditorium,  Gourd  arbor,  and  Flagstaff 139 

41.  General  view  of  grounds,  looking  north,  showing 

front  of  Woman's  building,  Children's  building, 

Commerce  building,  and  Flagstaff 141 

42.  General  view  of  grounds 143 

43.  I/aying  corner  stone  of  the  Parthenon 145 

44.  View  looking  south 147 

45.  View  looking  north 149 

46.  Main  entrance 151 

47.  Agriculture  building 153 

48.  Auditorium 155 

49.  Children's  building 157 

50.  Commerce  building  at  night • 159 


Illustrations.  VII 

Grounds  and  buildings— Continued.  Facing  page. 

51.  History  building 161 

52.  Minerals  and  forestry  building 163 

53.  Negro  building 165 

54.  Transportation  building , 167 

55.  Parthenon 169 

56.  Woman's  building 171 

57.  New  Mexico  building 173 

58.  Tobacco  patch  in  front  of  Agriculture  building 175 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

MARCH  12,  1901. 
To  the  PRESIDENT: 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  report  on  the  United 
States  Government  exhibit  at  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion, held  at  Nashville  in  1897,  ^n  conformity  to  the  act  of  Con- 
gress approved  December  22,  1896. 

The  publication  of  the  report  has  been  authorized  by  the 
joint  resolution  of  Congress  introduced  by  Hon.  W.  P.  Brown- 
low,  Representative  from  the  State  of  Tennessee,  and  approved 
by  you  on  March  2,  1901  (Public,  No.  14). 
Yours,  very  respectfully, 

J.  H.  BRIGHAM, 
Chairman,  Board  of  Management. 

IX 

H.  Doc.  515 ii 


lessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  2. 


JOHN  SEVIER,   FIRST  GOVERNOR  OF  TEN- 
NESSEE. 


REPORT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  MANAGEMENT. 


On  June  i,  1796,  Tennessee  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  sixteenth  State,  and  one  hundred  years  later,  on  June  i, 
1896,  the  people  of  Tennessee  met  in  convention  in  Nashville, 
the  capital  city  of  the  State,  to  celebrate  the  centennial  anni- 
.versary  of  its  admission  to  statehood.  It  had  already  been  pro- 
posed two  years  earlier  that  this  event,  the  most  important  in 
the  history  of  Tennessee,  should  be  commemorated  with  becom- 
ing dignity  and  display.  With  this  purpose  in  view,  it  was 
decided  that  an  exposition  should  be  held  in  which  in  a  purely 
patriotic  spirit  there  should  be  exhibited  the  arts,  sciences,  and 
industries  of  Tennessee,  the  United  States,  and  other  countries 
of  the  world.  .••' 

Nashville,  the  largest  city  in  the  State,  conveniently  situated 
for  easy  access  by  several  railways  and  with  an  active  and  pro- 
gressive population  of  nearly  100,000  inhabitants,  was  selected 
as  the  most  desirable  place  in  which  to  hold  the  Exposition.  A 
fine  tract  of  200  acres  of  blue-grass  land  in  the  west  end  of  the 
city  was  promptly  acquired,  and  under  the  skillful  direction  of 
expert  landscape  artists  the  grounds  were  made  beautiful  with 
trees,  shrubs,  and  flowers  of  the  most  varied  and  attractive 
character. 

Financial  encouragement  was  extended  willingly  from  every 
portion,  of  the  State.  A  stock  association  was  formed  with  a 
capital  of  $750,000,  and  subscriptions  of  over  $300,000  were 
early  received.  The  State  provided  generously  for  the  display 
of  its  resources  and  products,  and  the  city  of  Nashville  contrib- 
uted substantial  aid  to  the  amount  of  $359,711  toward  the  con- 
summation of  the  plans  for  the  Exposition. 

H.  Doc.  515 1  i 


2  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

The  construction  of  the  exhibition  buildings  was  begun  in 
1896,  and  they  were  finished  in  the  time  prescribed  for  their 
completion.  The  main  buildings,  other  than  the  Government 
building,  were  the  parthenon,  auditorium,  history,  commerce, 
agriculture,  minerals  and  forestry,  hygiene  and  education,  trans- 
portation, machinery,  woman's,  children's,  and  negro  buildings. 
Of  these,  the  parthenon  and  history  building,  destined  to  be 
permanent,  were  of  brick,  while  the  remainder  were  of  frame 
construction.  All  were  covered  with  white  staff  except  the  par- 
thenon, which  was  of  a  cream  tint  and  decorated  in  colors. 

It  was  impossible  to  complete  the  buildings  and  install  the 
exhibits  in  1896,  and  accordingly  the  actual  opening  of  the 
Exposition  was  deferred  until  May  i,  1897,  from  which  date 
until  October  30,  1897,  a  period  of  six  months,  the  Exposition 
remained  opened. 

Nearly  every  State  and  Territory  in  the  Union  participated  to 
some  degree,  while  the  States  of  New  York,  Illinois,  Alabama, 
Texas,  and  Arkansas,  and  the  cities  of  Memphis,  Knoxville, 
Cincinnati,  Louisville,  and  others  erected  buildings  of  tasteful 
designs  for  exhibition  purposes  and  as  gathering  places  for 
visitors. 

The  foreign  countries  that  participated  were  Great  Britain, 
France,  Germany,  Austria,  Russia,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Norway, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  Belgium,  China,  Canada,  Mexico,  and  Chile. 

ACT   OF    CONGRESS. 

The  request  for  the  participation  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment in  the  Exposition  was  submitted  to  Congress  early  in  1895. 
The  original  bill  asking  an  appropriation  having  failed,  it  was 
not  until  December  of  the  following  year  that  one  was  passed. 
The  text  of  the  act  authorizing  the  Government  exhibit,  approved 
December  22,  1896,  is  as  follows: 

[PUBLIC— No.  i.] 

AN  ACT  to  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  at 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  and  making 
an  appropriation  therefor. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  there  shall  be  exhibited  at 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  3. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  3 

the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  to  be  held  at  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  from  its  Executive  Departments,  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion and  National  Museum,  and  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  such 
articles  and  materials  as  illustrate  the  function  and  administrative  faculty 
of  the  Government  in  time  of  peace  and  its  resources  as  a  war  power,  tend- 
ing to  demonstrate  the  nature  of  our  institutions  and  their  adaptation  to 
the  wants  of  the  people;  and  to  secure  a  complete  and  harmonious  arrange- 
ment of  said  Government  exhibit  a  board  of  management  shall  be  created, 
to  be  charged  with  the  selection,  purchase,  preparation,  arrangement,  safe- 
keeping, and  exhibition  of  such  articles  and  materials  as  the  heads  of  said 
Departments  and  institutions  of  the  Government  may,  respectively,  decide 
shall  be  embraced  in  said  Government  exhibit.  The  President  may  also 
designate  additional  articles  for  exhibition.  Such  board  shall  be  composed 
of  one  member  to  be  detailed  by  the  head  of  each  Executive  Department, 
one  by  the  head  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum,  and 
one  by  the  head  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission;  and  the  President 
shall  name  one  of  said  persons  so  detailed  as  chairman;  and  the  members 
of  said  board  shall  have  no  compensation  in  addition  to  their  regular  salary, 
and  their  actual  and  necessary  expenses  only  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  sum 
hereinafter  appropriated. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  cause  a  suitable  build- 
ing or  buildings  to  be  erected  on  the  site  selected  for  the  Tennessee  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  for  the  Government  exhibit,  and  he  is  hereby  authorized 
and  directed  to  contract  therefor,  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the  same 
regulations  as  for  other  public  buildings  of  the  United  States;  but  the  con- 
tract for  said  building  or  buildings  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  thirty 
thousand  dollars,  and  there  is  hereby  appropriated  for  said  building  or 
buildings,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated, 
the  sum  of  thirty  thousand  dollars.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is 
authorized  and  required  to  dispose  of  such  building  or  buildings,  or  the 
material  composing  the  same,  at  the  close  of  the  exposition,  giving  prefer- 
ence to  the  city  of  Nashville  or  to  the  said  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion Company  to  purchase  the  same  at  an  appraised  value,  to  be  ascertained 
in  such  manner  as  he  may  determine,  and  whatever  sum  may  be  realized 
on  sale  of  said  building  shall  be  covered  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States. 

SEC.  3.  That  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the  expenses  of  the  selection, 
purchase,  preparation,  transportation,  installation,  care,  and  return  of  said 
Government  exhibit,  and  for  the  employment  of  proper  persons  as  officers 
and  assistants  by  the  board  of  management  created  by  this  act  and  for 
their  expenses,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  the  building  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided for,  and  for  other  contingent  expenses  incidental  to  the  Government 
exhibit,  to  be  approved  by  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  management  and 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  upon  itemized  accounts  and  vouchers, 


4  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

there  is  nereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  other- 
wise appropriated,  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much 
thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  to  be  disbursed  by  the  board  of  management 
hereinbefore  created,  of  which  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  ten  thousand 
dollars  shall  be  expended  for  clerical  service. 

SEC.  4.  That  all  articles  which  shall  be  imported  from  foreign  countries 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  exhibition  at  said  exposition,  upon  which  there 
shall  be  a  tariff  or  customs  duty,  shall  be  admitted  free  of  payment  of  duty, 
customs  fees,  or  charges,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  shall  prescribe;  but  it  shall  be  lawful  at  any  time  during  the 
exhibition  to  sell,  for  delivery  at  the  close  of  the  exposition,  any  goods  or 
property  imported  for  and  actually  on  exhibition  in  the  exposition  build- 
ings or  on  its  grounds,  subject  to  such  regulations  for  the  security  of  the 
revenue  and  for  the  collection  of  import  duties  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  shall  prescribe:  Provided,  That  all  such  articles,  when  sold  or 
withdrawn  for  consumption  in  the  United  States  shall  be  subject  to  the 
duty,  if  any,  imposed  upon  such  articles  by  the  revenue  laws  in  force  at 
the  date  of  importation,  and  all  penalties  prescribed  by  law  shall  be  applied 
and  enforced  against  such  articles  and  against  the  persons  who  may  be 
guilty  of  any  illegal  sale  or  withdrawal. 

SEC.  5.  That  medals  with  appropriate  devices,  emblems,  and  inscriptions 
commemorative  of  said  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  and  of  the  awards 
to  be  made  to  exhibitors  thereat  be  prepared  at  some  mint  of  the  United 
States  for  the  board  of  directors  thereof,  subject  to  the  provisions  uf  the 
fifty-second  section  of  the  coinage  act  of  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
three,  upon  the  payment  by  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  Com- 
pany of  a  sum  not  less  than  the  cost  thereof;  and  all  the  provisions,  whether 
penal  or  otherwise,  of  said  coinage  act  against  the  counterfeiting  or  imi- 
tating of  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  apply  to  the  medals  struck  under 
this  act. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  United  States  shall  in  no  manner  and  under  no  circum- 
stances be  liable  for  any  bond,  debt,  contract,  expenditure,  expense,  or 
liability  of  any  kind  whatever  of  the  said  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition 
Company,  its  officers,  agents,  servants,  or  employees,  or  incident  to  or 
growing  out  of  said  exposition,  nor  for  any  amount  whatever  in  excess  of 
the  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  dollars  herein  authorized;  and  the 
heads  of  the  Executive  Departments,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
National  Museum,  and  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  and  the  board 
of  management  herein  authorized,  their  officers,  agents,  servants,  or  em- 
ployees, shall  in  no  manner  and  under  no  circumstances  expend  or  create 
any  liability  of  any  kind  for  any  sum  in  excess  of  the  appropriations  herein 
made  or  create  any  deficiency. 

SEC.  7.  That  the  appropriation  herein  made  shall  take  effect  when  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  be  satisfied  that  the  solvent  appropri- 
ations made  by  the  State  of  Tennessee,  its  counties  and  cities,  and  by 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  4. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  5 

individuals  or  companies  to  said  centennial  exposition,  together  with  sol- 
vent subscriptions  to  the  stock  of  the  centennial  company  made  by  the 
State,  its  counties  and  cities,  and  by  private  corporations,  and  by  indi- 
viduals, shall  amount  to  at  least  the  sum  of  one-half  million  of  dollars. 

THOMAS  B.  REED, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

A.  B.  STEVENSON, 

Vice-President  of  the  United  States  and  President  of  the  Senate. 
Approved,  December  22,  1896. 
GROVER  C 


ORGANIZATION    OF    BOARD    OF    MANAGEMENT. 

By  virtue  of  the  act  quoted,  the  heads  of  the  several  Execu- 
tive Departments,  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
and  the  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  detailed  the  fol- 
lowing gentlemen  to  act  as  representatives  of  their  respective 
departments: 

Department  of  State.  —  Edward  I.  Renick,  Chief  Clerk; 
Thomas  W.  Cridler,1  Third  Assistant  Secretary. 

Treasury  Department.  —  Charles  E.  Kemper,  chief  executive 
officer,  Supervising  Architect's  Office. 

War  Department.—  Capt.  H.  C.  Ward,  U.  S.  A. 

Navy  Department.  —  Lieut.  C.  M.  McCormick,  U.  S.  N.; 
Lieut.  Commander  J.  D.  Adams,  U.  S.  N.;1  Lieut.  Comman- 
der N.  J.  K.  Patch,  U.  S.  N.;1  Lieut.  Commander  L.  C.  Logan, 
U.  S.  N.;1  Lieut.  Commander  E.  M.  Stedman,  U.  S.  N.1 

Post-  Office  Department.  —  Kerr  Craige,  Third  Assistant  Post- 
master-General; John  B.  Brownlow.1 

Department  of  the  Interior.  —  Frank  W.  Clarke,  chief  chemist, 
Geological  Survey. 

Department  of  Agriculture.  —  Charles  W.  Dabney,  jr.,  assistant 
secretary;  Joseph  H.  Brigham,1  assistant  secretary. 

Department  of  Justice.  —  Frank  Strong,  general  agent. 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum.  —  Frederick  W. 
True,  e  ^utive  curator,  National  Museum. 


1  These  gentlemen  were  appointed  to  succeed  to  the  vacancies  caused  by 
the  resignations  of  their  predecessors,  and  in  the  case  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  the  later  appointments  were  not 
made  until  after  the  close  of  the  exposition. 


6  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. — William  de  C.  Ravenel, 
Assistant  Commissioner. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Dabney,  jr.,  representative  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  president  of  the  University  of  Tennessee,  was 
designated  by  President  Cleveland  to  act  as  chairman  of  the 
board  of  management.  On  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Dabney  on 
January  i,  1898,  the  Hon.  J.  H.  Brigham,  Assistant  Secretary 
of  Agriculture,  was  designated  by  President  McKinley  to  fill  the 
vacancy  in  the  chairmanship  of  the  board,  and  was  also  given 
charge  of  closing  up  the  business  of  that  Department  in  con- 
nection with  the  Exposition. 

The  board  organized  on  January  27,  1897,  and  elected  Mr. 
W.  I.  Adams,  chief  clerk  of  the  Bureau  of  International 
Exchanges,  as  its  secretary;  but  the  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  being  also  the  head  of  that  bureau,  declined 
to  grant  the  request  of  the  board  for  the  detail  of  Mr.  Adams. 
At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  board,  held  February  25,  1897, 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  executive  committee,  Mr. 
W.  V.  Cox,  chief  clerk  of  the  National  Museum,  who  had  pre- 
viously been  designated  to  take  active  charge  of  the  exhibits  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  its  dependencies,  was,  unani- 
mously elected  secretary.  Mr.  Cox  assumed  the  duties  of  his 
office  on  March  13,  1897,  and  later  was  appointed  custodian  of 
the  Government  building  at  the  Exposition  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury. 

Upon  the  appropriation  becoming  available,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  designated  Mr.  H.  P.  R.  Holt,  of  that  Department, 
a  special  disbursing  agent  to  the  Exposition;  but  on  July  i, 
1897,  assigned  Mr.  George  A.  Bartlett,  disbursing  clerk  of  the 
Treasury  Department,  to  the  disbursement  of  the  appropriation. 

The  following  standing  committees  were  selected  to  carry  out 
the  work  of  the  board: 

Executive  committee . — C.  W.  Dabney,  jr.,  ex-officio  chairman; * 
F.  W.  Clarke,  C.  E.  Kemper. 


1  Subsequent  to  January  i,  1898,  the  date  of  Dr.  Dabney's  resignation, 
Colonel  Brigham,  as  chairman  of  the  board,  was  ex-officio  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  5. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  7 

Committee  on  allotments. — F.  W.  Clarke,  chairman;  K.  I. 
Renick,1  W.  deC.  Ravenel. 

Committee  on  installation  and  decoration. — F.  W.  True,  chair- 
man; F.  W.  Clarke,  C.  M.  McCormick. 

Upon  organizing,  the  board  adopted  the  following  by-laws : 

SECTION  i. — Officers:2 

The  officers  of  the  board  shall  be  a  chairman,  a  secretary  and  dis- 
bursing officer,  and  an  executive  committee. 

SECTION  2. — Duties  of  chairman. 

The  chairman  shall  preside  at  the  meetings  and  approve  vouchers,  as 
required  by  law.  He  shall  control  the  expenditures  of  the  board  so  far  as 
may  be  necessary  to  prevent  any  deficit;  and  all  funds  required  by  mem- 
bers of  the  board  shall  be  obtained  by  requisition,  subject  to  his  approval. 

SECTION  3. — Duties  of  secretary  and  disbursing  officer.12 

The  secretary  shall  keep  the  records  of  the  meetings  of  the  board,  and 
conduct  its  correspondence  under  the  direction  of  the  chairman.  He 
shall  also  act  as  disbursing  officer  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may 
be  assigned  him  by  the  chairman. 

SECTION  4. — Duties  of  executive  committee. 

The  executive  committee,  of  which  the  chairman  of  the  board  shall  be 
chairman  ex-officio,  shall  be  elected  by  the  board,  and  any  vacancies 
shall  be  filled  by  election.  The  committee  shall  act  upon  matters  of 
urgent  business  in  the  intervals  between  the  meetings  of  the  board,  and 
their  action  shall  be  binding  upon  the  board  until  its  next  meeting,  and 
until  then  only,  unless  at  that  meeting  approved  and  sanctioned. 

SECTIO  N  5 .  — Meetings. 

Meetings  shall  be  held  at  least  once  a  month,  upon  the  call  of  the 
chairman.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chairman  to  call  a  special  meeting 
upon  the  request,  in  writing,  of  three  members  of  the  board. 

APPORTIONMENT    OF    FUNDS. 

The  appropriation  for  the  participation  of  the  United  States 
Government  in  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  including 


1  On  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Renick,  Col.  J.  B.  Browiilow  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  committee  on  allotments. 

2  At  the  meeting  of  the  board  held  February  25,  1897,  sections  i  and  3 
of  the  by-laws  were  amended  "so  as  to  admit  of  the  office  of  secretary  and 
that  of  disbursing  officer  being  held  by  two  persons." 


8  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

the  erection  of  a  suitable  exhibition  building,  was  $130,000, 
which  sum  was  apportioned  as  follows: 

Construction  of  building $30,  ooo 

Department  of  State $3,  ooo 

Treasury  Department 10,  ooo 

War  Department 6,  500 

Navy  Department 8,  ooo 

Post-Office  Department • 4,  ooo 

Department  of  the  Interior 12,  ooo 

Department  of  Justice 2,  500 

Department  of  Agriculture 14,  ooo 

Smithsonian  Institution 14,  500 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 15,  500 

General  fund  of  the  board 10,  ooo 

—  100,  ooo 

Total  appropriation  . ,'. 130,  ooo 

The  general  fund -was  set  aside  for  the  purpose  of  meeting 
general  expenses  of  the  board,  including  salaries  of  clerks  to 
the  board,  pay  of  guards,  inspectors  and  cleaners,  stationery 
and  supplies,  and  such  other  expenditures  as  were  justly  charge- 
able against  it. 

The  construction  of  the  building  was  under  the  control  of  the 
Treasury  Department,  the  maintenance  and  repair  of  the  same 
being  in  charge  of  the  custodian. 

GOVERNMENT    BUILDING. 

The  Treasury  Department  prepared  plans  for  the  Govern- 
ment building,  as  provided  for  by  law,  and  let  the  contract  for 
its  construction  to  Messrs.  George  Moore  &  Sons,  of  Nashville, 
Term.,  for  the  sum  of  $28,157,  with  the  requirement  that  the 
building  should  be  tightly  roofed  by  April  10,  1897,  and  com- 
pleted by  the  3oth  of  the  same  month.  Despite  inclement 
weather,  the  building  was  constructed  and  the  exhibits  installed 
within  the  very  short  period  of  ninety  days. 

The  building  was  near  the  main  entrance  of  the  Exposition 
grounds,  about  200  feet  south  of  the  auditorium  building. 
The  style  of  architecture  was  of  the  classic  order.  The  building 
proper  was  long  and  low,  surmounted  by  a  central  dome,  with 
pavilions  at  each  corner  bearing  flagstaffs  from  which  floated 
the  national  ensign. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  6. 


' 


Ten nessee  Cen ten  n ial  Exposition .  9 

The  design  of  the  structure  expressed  in  a  most  happy  man- 
ner the  simple  and  dignified  character  suitable  for  a  Government 
building,  while  at  the  same  time  enriched  moldings  relieved  its 
severity  and  secured  an  effect  harmonious  with  the  purposes  to 
be  served.  The  structure  was  of  frame  covered  with  staff  simi- 
lar to  the  buildings  of  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago. 

The  extreme  outside  dimensions  were  150  by  350  feet,  and 
afforded  ample  space  for  the  exhibits  of  the  several  Departments. 

Over  the  main  entrance  on  the  north  front  of  the  building 
were  the  administrative  offices,  the  building  including  also  a 
photographic  room,  guardroom,  janitor's  closet,  toilet  room  for 
officials,  and  two  toilet  rooms  for  the  public. 

After  providing  for  two  main  aisles,  one  20  feet  and  the  other 
1 6  feet  in  width,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  building,  the  remaining  space  was  divided  into  four 
quadrants,  each  containing  approximately  7,800  feet  of  floor 
space.  These  quadrants  were  subdivided  and  the  exhibits  of 
the  several  departments  were  arranged  as  shown  on  the  accom- 
panying plan.  Beginning  on  the  north  side  of  the  east  entrance 
were  the  exhibits  of  (i)  Smithsonian  Institution,  National 
Museum,  and  its  other  dependencies;  (2)  Post-Office  Depart- 
ment; (3)  Department  of  State;  (4)  Treasury  Department; 
(5)  Department  of  Agriculture;  and,  beginning  on  the  south 
side  of  the  west  entrance,  (6)  War  Department;  (7)  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior;  (8)  Department  of  Justice;  (9)  Navy 
Department;  (10)  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 

The  allotment  of  space  was  assigned  as  follows: 

Square  feet. 

Department  of  State 525 

Treasury  Department 3,  542 

War  Department 2,  716 

Navy  Department 2,  606 

Post-Office  Department 2,  282 

Department  of  the  Interior 4,  560 

Department  of  Agriculture 4,  264 

Department  of  Justice 529 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum 4,  996 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 5,  200 


Total 31,  220 


io  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition, 

These  assignments  were  necessarily  affected  by  the  structural 
requirements  of  the  building,  the  location  of  partitions  and 
screens  having  to  be  determined  with  reference  to  the  position 
of  windows  and  posts. 

In  the  allowance  to  the  Post-Office  Department,  provision 
was  included  for  the  placing  of  a  working  post-office  which 
was  located  immediately  within  the  north  entrance  of  the  build- 
ing and  on  the  east  side  of  the  aisle. 

The  exhibits  of  the  different  Departments  were  separated  by 
partitions  having  a  uniform  height  of  12  feet  and  a  cornice  and 
baseboard,  the  cost  of  a  partition  being  divided  between  the 
Departments  separated  by  it.  The  partitions  and  walls  were 
covered  with  red  burlap  to  the  height  of  12  feet,  above  which 
was  undyed  burlap,  with  a  strip  of  red  at  the  top  to  serve  as  a 
frieze  ;  the  posts  were  also  covered  with  red  burlap.  The  com- 
mittee on  installation  and  decoration  succeeded  in  obtaining  a 
uniformity  of  installation  and  the  harmonizing  of  colors  em- 
ployed in  decoration,  which  was  most  effective. 

The  exterior  of  the  building  was  not  lighted,  much  to  the 
regret  of  the  board,  the  Exposition  authorities  and  the  visitors, 
since  all  other  buildings  on  the  grounds  were  profusely  illumi- 
nated. 

The  interior  of  the  building  was  lighted  at  night  for  policing 
purposes,  four  arc  and  twelve  incandescent  lights  being  used. 
The  offices,  guardroom,  and  closets  were  lighted  by  ten  addi- 
tional incandescent  lights. 

PROTECTION    AGAINST    FIRE. 

The  inflammable  character  of  the  building  and  exhibits  was 
such  that  it  was  necessary  to  provide  fire  hydrants  and  hose 
sufficient  in  length  to  reach  every  portion  of  the  building.  Fire 
extinguishers,  ladders,  and  buckets  of  water  were  also  kept  in 
readiness.  Strict  rules  prohibiting  smoking  in  the  building 
were  enforced,  and  at  the  close  of  each  day  during  the  instal- 
lation and  repacking  of  exhibits,  all  shavings  and  waste  mate- 
rials were  taken  from  the  building  and  burned. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  7. 


Ten  n  essee  Cen ten  n ial  Exposition . 


1 1 


The  Exposition  management  furnished  .the  Government 
building  with  water  service,  sewage,  and  electric  current,  free 
of  charge. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The  Nashville,  Chattanooga,  and  St.  Louis  Railway  Company 
extended  its  tracks  to  the  east  end  of  the  Government  building, 
where  a  platform  was  constructed  for  unloading  the  exhibits. 

Freight  transportation  to  the  Exposition  and  return  to  orig- 
inal shipping  point  cost  but  a  single  rate,  the  maximum  being 
83  cents  and  the  minimum  29  cents  for  each  100  pounds.  The 
terminal  charge  was  4  cents  for  each  100  pounds,  excepting  in 
cases  where  the  article  weighed  more  than  2,000  pounds,  when 
a  special  rate  was  made ;  this  charge  was  made  for  unloading 
the  exhibits  and  placing  them  in  the  building,  on,  or  as  near  as 
possible  to,  their  proper  spaces,  and  the  removing  of  the  exhibits 
from  the  building  and  reloading  for  reshipment.  The  total 
amount  expended  for  freight  was  $4,625.14,  of  which  sum 
$456.28  was  for  cartage  and  terminal  charges. 

The  services  of  an  experienced  freight  handler  were  engaged 
for  about  two  months,  to  receive  and  unload  the  exhibits,  and 
under  his  supervision  no  serious  breakage  or  loss  was  sustained. 
Shipping  labels  were  attached  to  each  box  or  crate  showing  the 
Department  to  which  it  belonged,  its  contents  and  weight. 

The  exhibits  began  to  arrive  in  Nashville  about  April  10,  the 
total  number  of  carloads  being  40,  containing  approximately 
507,000  pounds  of  freight,  divided  between  the  different  Depart- 
ments as  follows: 


Name. 

Cars. 

Pounds. 

Department  of  State  and  Department  of  Justice 

Treasury  Department  

24,  ooc 

War  Department  

90,  ooo 

Navy  Department  

\ 

Post-Office  Department  

2 

Department  of  the  Interior  

Department  of  Agriculture  

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum 

8 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 

Total  

12  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


EMPLOYEES. 


A  clerk  was  employed  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the 
board,  and  for  a  portion  of  the  time  a  clerk  was  detailed  from 
the  Treasury  Department  to  assist  the  disbursing  officer. 

GOVERNMENT   GUARD. 

The  watch  force  was  organized  on  the  plan  set  forth  in  the 
following  circular : 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS  FOR  GUARDS  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING, 
TENNESSEE  CENTENNIAL  EXPOSITION,   .97. 

The  Government  guard  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  shall 
consist  of  not  less  than  1 6  men,  duly  appointed  by  the  chairman  of  the 
board  of  management  of  the  Government  exhibit. 

The  members  of  the  guard  must  be: 

First.  Reputable  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  between  21  and  35 
years  of  age. 

Second.  Men  who  have  served  with  credit  either  in  the  United  States 
Army,  United  States  Navy,  State  or  Territorial  militia,  the  "Columbian 
Guard  "  of  the  World's  Fair,  or  on  a  municipal  police  force,  or  who  have 
attended  a  military  school. 

Third.  Of  physical  health  and  vigor,  and  not  less  than  5  feet  8  inches 
in  height. 

Fourth.  Of  unquestionable  energy  and  courteous  manners. 

The  guard  will  be  organized  in  three  watches,  as  follows: 

Fiist.  Eight  o'clock  a.  m.  to  4  o'clock  p.  m. 

Second.  Four  o'clock  p.  m.  to  12  o'clock  midnight. 

Third.  Twelve  o'clock  midnight  to  8  o'clock  a.  m. 

Each  watch  will  be  composed  of  a  captain  and  four  men,  who  shall 
remain  on  duty  eight  hours  and  until  regularly  relieved.  The  guard  will 
be  under  the  control  of  the  captain  on  duty,  who  shall  act  under  instruc- 
tions of  the  secretary  of  the  board,  or,  in  the  absence  of  the  secretary, 
some  one  designated  by  him. 

The  captain  of  each  watch  will  be  held  responsible  for  the  safe-keeping 
of  all  property  under  his  care;  and  his  orders  musj:  be  strictly  obeyed  by 
all  guards.  He  will  make  the  rounds  of  the  building  at  least  each  hour, 
and  be  responsible  for  the  enforcement  of  these  rules. 

When  on  duty,  the  guard  shall  wear  white  duck  uniforms,  with  brass 
buttons,  or  regulation  five-buttoned  blouses,  white  duck  trousers,  and  white 
helmet  hats. 

The  watch  going  on  duty  at  4  o'clock  p.  m.  shall,  upon  closing  the  build- 
ing to  the  public,  see  that  there  are  no  strangers  remaining  in  the  building, 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  8. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  13 

that  all  doors  and  windows  are  securely  fastened,  and  that  fire  plugs,  fire 
hose,  fire  extinguishers,  and  ladders  are  in  readiness  for  immediate  use. 

The  guards  shall  refuse  admission  to  disorderly  persons,  and  strictly 
enforce  the  rules  against  smoking  in  the  building. 

In  the  case  of  fire  or  serious  accident  the  captains  of  the  guard  shall 
immediately  notify  the  custodian  of  the  building,  and  promptly  report  any 
damage  to  property  by  accident  or  otherwise. 

After  the  building  is  closed  in  the  afternoon  and  until  the  hour  of  reopen- 
ing, the  guards  are  forbidden,  under  penalty  of  dismissal,  to  allow  admis- 
sion to  any  persons  other  than  those  whose  names  appear  upon  the  posted 
pass  list  or  who  are  provided  with  properly  certified  passes  signed  by  the 
secretary  or  a  representative.  This  also  applies  on  Sundays;  and  no  excep- 
tion can  be  made  to  friends  of  the  guards.  A  list  of  the  officers  and  mem- 
bers of  the  board  of  management  and  the  employees  of  the  building,  giving 
their  place  of  residence,  will  be  posted  upon  the  bulletin  board  in  the 
guardroom,  and  will  be  corrected  from  day  to  day. 

The  guards  ,will  each  be  furnished  with  a  whistle  for  use  in  signaling, 
and  the  following  signals  from  the  captains  or  guards  shall  be  promptly 
answered:  One  blast,  janitor;  two  blasts,  guards;  three  blasts,  captain;  four 
blasts,  fire;  five  blasts,  opening  and  closing  building. 

The  captains  of  the  second  and  third  watches  will  see  that  +he  United 
States  flags  are  raised  upon  the  flagstaffs  on  the  building  at  sunrise  and 
lowered  at  sunset. 

Disobedience  on  the  part  of  guards  or  failure  to  report  violations  of  these 
rules  will  be  regarded  sufficient  cause  for  dismissal. 

By  order  of  the  board  of  management: 

W.  V.  Cox, 
Secretary  and  Custodian. 

The  guards  occupied  tents  a  short  distance  from  the  east 
entrance  of  the  building  as  sleeping  quarters  during  the  months 
of  July,  August,  September,  and  October.  By  this  arrangement 
the  guards  were  kept  accessible  in  case  of  emergency,  even  when 
off  duty. 

DESCRIPTIVE;  PAMPHLET. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  board  held  May  8,  1897,  eac^  repre- 
sentative was  requested  to  prepare  a  brief  description  of  the 
exhibit  of  his  respective  department,  which  was  printed  in 
pamphlet  form  for  distribution  on  the  opening  day. 

OPENING   EXERCISES. 

Invitations  were  sent  to  Exposition,  national,  State,  county, 
and  other  officials,  and  prominent  citizens,  requesting  their 


14  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

presence  at  n  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  May  17,  1897,  an 
before  the  formal  opening  of  the  building  to  the  public,  to 
inspect  the  exhibits. 

Upon  the  ringing  of  eight  bells  (12  o'clock  noon)  on  the 
naval  bell  attached  to  the  military  mast  in  the  center  of  the 
building,  a  large  audience  assembled  in  the  rotunda. 

In  the  absence  of  Dr.  Dabney,  the  chairman,  who  was  unable 
to  be  present  on  account  of  serious  illness  in  his  family,  Mr. 
W.  V.  Cox,  the  secretary,  announced  the  completion  of  the 
building  and  the  installation  of  the  exhibits,  in  the  following 
words : 

MR.  PRESIDENT;  In  the  absence  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Government 
board  of  management,  it  has  been  delegated  to  me  to  announce  formally 
to  you  the  completion  of  the  Government  building  and  the  arrangement 
of  the  exhibits  therein.  It  has  been  the  endeavor  of  the  Supervising 
Architect's  Office  to  make  this  the  most  satisfactory  exhibition  building 
yet  constructed  by  the  Government,  and  its  excellent  arrangement  and 
exquisite  classic  beauty  are  due  more  largely  to  the  representative  of  the 
Treasury  Department,  who  is  with  us  to-day,  than  to  any  other  man.  It 
has  been  the  effort  of  the  members  of  the  board  to  prepare  and  arrange  an 
exhibit  that  would  equal,  if  not  surpass,  that  of  any  former  exposition, 
and  we  hope  that  you  will  find  both  the  building  and  the  exhibits  a  credit 
to  the  United  States  and  a  gratification  to  the  citizens  of  Tennessee. 

It  has  been  genuine  pleasure  to  the  representatives  to  do  this  work  in 
your  city,  where  we  have  been  cordially  received  and  heartily  welcomed 
by  you,  Mr.  President,  by  the  Director  of  Affairs,  and  by  members  of 
your  board ;  by  your  officials,  State,  county,  and  city,  and  by  your  citizens 
generally,  and  this  occasion  should  not  pass  without  recognition  of  the 
many  kind  expressions  of  welcome. 

With  the  aid  of  the  gentlemen  composing  the  board,  Mr.  President,  I 
have  prepared  a  description  of  the  various  departments  you  see  around 
you,  which  I  now  have  the  honor  to  present  to  you. 

In  response,  Maj.  John  W.  Thomas,  president  of  the  Exposi- 
tion, said: 

MR.  SECRETARY,  LADIES,  AND  GENTLEMEN:  Twenty -one  years  ago 
we  celebrated  the  one-hundredth  anniversary  of  our  nationality  by  having 
at  Philadelphia  a  grand  exposition,  costing  $10,000,000  and  which  was 
visited  by  8,000,000  people.  Four  years  ago  we  celebrated  the  four- 
hundredth  anniversary  of  a  great  historical  event  by  having  at  Chicago 
the  greatest  exposition  the  world  has  ever  seen,  costing  $30,000,000  and 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  9. 


Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  1 5 

which  was  visited  by  28,000,000  people.  We  are  to-day  celebrating  the 
one-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  admission  of  Tennessee  as  the  sixteenth 
State  in  the  Federal  Union  by  having  at  Nashville  a  Centennial  Exposition, 
and  it  is  appropriate  that  the  General  Government  should  be  represented, 
because  most  of  the  territory  of  Tennessee  was  apportioned  to  the  heroes 
of  the  Revolution  for  military  services  during  the  struggle  for  American 
independence;  appropriate  because  Tennesseans  aided  in  turning  the  tide 
of  war  at  Kings  Mountain;  because  Tennesseans  drove  back  the  savages, 
who  had  been  furnished  with  arms  by  England;  appropriate  because  a 
Tennessean  routed  Packenham  at  New  Orleans;  because  a  Tennessean  at 
San  Jacinto  avenged  the  slaughters  of  Alamo  and  Goliad,  achieving  a 
victory  which  resulted  in  the  independence  of  Texas  and  its  annexation  to 
the  United  States;  appropriate  because  Tennesseans  were  among  the  first 
to  storm  the  heights  of  Churubusco  and  Chapultepec  and  enter  the  halls 
of  the  Montezumas,  resulting  in  the  acquisition  of  New  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia; appropriate  because  a  Tennessean  stamped  out  nullification, 
declaring,  "By  the  Eternal,  the  Union  must  and  shall  be  preserved;" 
appropriate  because  the  first  telegram  which  flashed  over  the  wires  from 
Baltimore  to  Washington  announced  the  nomination  of  a  Tennessean 
as  President  of  the  United  States,  and  appropriate  because  during  the 
perilous  periods  of  reconstruction  a  Tennessean  was  the  Chief  Executive 
of  the  nation. 

While  we  are  proud  of  the  record  of  Tennessee  and  Tennesseans,  we 
rejoice  in  being  one  of  the  sovereign  States  constituting  this  great  nation, 
and  trust  that  the  exhibit  presented  here  to-day,  showing  the  progress  of 
the  nation  in  the  past  one  hundred  and  twenty  years,  will  bind  us  together 
more  closely  in  a  common  brotherhood,  so  that  we  shall  have  no  North, 
no  South,  no  East,  no  West,  but  a  common  country  under  the  best  govern- 
ment with  which  the  world  has  ever  been  blessed;  that  we  shall  know  one 
flag,  one  land,  one  heart,  one  hand,  one  nation  forever,  where,  beneath  the 
sway  of  mild  and  equal  laws,  framed  by  themselves,  one  people  dwell  and 
know  no  Lord  save  God. 

On  behalf  of  the  management  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial,  I  take 
pleasure  in  complimenting  you  for  the  energy  and  ability  with  which 
the  arduous  duties  devolving  upon  you  have  been  so  successfully  per- 
formed in  so  short  a  time,  and  of  assuring  you  as  representatives  of  the 
United  States  Government  that  we  appreciate  most  highly  the  splendid 
exhibit  with  which  you  have  favored  us,  and  which  is  the  crowning  glory 
of  our  Exposition — an  exhibit  which  will  command  the  admiration  of  all 
visitors,  and  before  which  every  citizen  should  uncover  his  head  and 
reverentially  thank  God  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  so  great  a  nation. 

On  the  conclusion  of  Major  Thomas's  address,  sixteen  strokes 
were  struck  on  the  large  fog  bell  in  the  Light-House  Board 


1 6  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

exhibit,  in  honor  of  the  admission  of  Tennessee  as  the  sixteenth 
state  in  the  Union.  Meanwhile  an  Eddy  kite  was  flown  from 
the  roof  of  the  building  by  the  Weather  Bureau  officers,  as  a 
signal  to  a  battery  nearly  a  mile  distant  for  the  firing  of  a  salute 
of  forty-five  guns,  in  honor  of  each  State  of  the  Union.  During 
the  firing  of  the  salute,  sixteen  American  flags  were  unfurled  on 
the  building,  and  in  conclusion  the  Centennial  Orchestra  played 
' (  The  Star  Spangled  Banner, ' '  the  audience  rising. 

PROMINENT   OFFICIAL   VISITORS'. 

During  the  life  of  the  Exposition,  many  officials  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, governors  of  various  States,  and  other  persons  in  offi- 
cial circlesywere  visitors. 

On  June  n  and  12,  President  William  McKinley  visited  the 
Exposition,  receiving  the  public  in  the  Government  building  on 
the  first-named  date.  The  building  was  closed  to  the  public 
shortly  before  the  stated  hour  of  his  reception,  and  the  main  aisle 
from  the  west  entrance  to  the  center  of  the  building,  and  the 
south  aisle,  were  roped  off  for  the  passage  of  the  thousands  who 
came  to  pay  their  respects  to  the  President  The  Government 
guard  was  assisted  in  managing  the  throng  by  a  company  of 
regular .  soldiers  under  command  of  Capt.  A.  M.  Wetherill,1  of 
the  Sixth  United  States  Infantry,  and  a  platoon  of  the  Centen- 
nial Guard.  President  McKinley  stood  in  the  rotunda  of  the 
building,  near  the  space  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  attended 
by  Secretary  Sherman,  Secretary  Alger,  Postmaster- General 
Gary,  Secretary  Wilson,  and  other  members  of  his  party,  mem- 
bers of  the  boo.rd,  State,  and  Exposition  officials;  the  chairman 
of  the  board  and  the  representatives  of  the  War  and  Navy 
Departments  presenting  the  visitors.  Seats  for  the  ladies  of 
the  Presidential  party  and  invited  guests  were  reserved  in  the 
spaces  of  the  Department  of  Justice  and  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, and  also  in  the  north  aisle.  Music  was  furnished  by  the 
Centennial  Orchestra.  The  execution  of  the  programme  was 
delegated  to  the  secretary  of  the  board. 


1  Killed  while  commanding  his  company  in  battle  of  July  i  and  2,  1898, 
San  Juan,  Cuba. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  17 

On  June  n  the  President  addressed  a  notable  assemblage  in 
the  auditorium.  He  said: 

American  nationality,  compared  with  that  of  Europe  and  the  Orient,  is 
still  very  young;  and  yet  already  we  are  beginning  to  have  age  enough  for 
centennial  anniversaries  in  Slates  other  than  the  original  thirteen.  Such 
occasions  are  always  interesting,  and  when  celebrated  in  a  practical  way 
are  useful  and  instructive.  Combining  retrospect  and  review,  they  recall 
what  has  been  done  by  State  and  Nation  and  point  out  what  yet  remains 
for  both  to  accomplish  in  order  to  fulfill  their  highest  destiny. 

This  celebration  is  of  general  interest  to  the  whole  country  and  of  special 
significance  to  the  people  of  the  South  and  West.  It  marks  the  end  of  the 
first  century  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  and  the  close  of  the  first  year  of  its 
second  century. 

One  hundred  and  one  years  ago  this  State  was  admitted  into  the  Union, 
as  the  sixteenth  member  in  the  great  family  of  American  Commonwealths. 
It  was  a  welcome  addition  to  the  national  household— a  community  young, 
strong,  and  sturdy,  with  an  honored  and  heroic  ancestry,  with  fond  antici- 
pations not  only  of  its  founders,  but  faith  in  its  success  on  the  part  of  the 
far-seeing  and  sagacious  statesmen  of  the  time,  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 
I  am  justified  in  saying  that  these  anticipations  have  been  grandly  realized, 
that  the  present  of  this  community  of  sterling  worth  is  even  brighter  than 
prophets  of  the  past  had  dared  to  forecast  it. 

The  builders  of  the  State,  who  had  forced  their  way  through  the  trackless 
forests  of  this  splendid  domain,  brought  with  them  the  same  high  ideals 
and  fearless  devotion  to  home  and  country,  founded  on  resistance  to  oppres- 
sion, which  have  everywhere  made  illustrious  the  Anglo-American  name. 
Whether  it  was  the  territory  of  Virginia  or  that  of  North  Carolina,  mattered 
little  to  them.  They  came  willing  and  eager  to  fight  for  independence  and 
liberty,  and  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution  were  ever  loyal  to  the  standard 
of  Washington.  When  their  representatives  served  in  the  Colonial  assem- 
bly of  North  Carolina  they  chose — for  the  first  time  in  our  country,  so  far 
as  I  know— the  great  name  of  Washington  for  the  district  in  which  they 
lived,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  sought  to  organize  their  territory 
into  a  State,  to  be  known  as  the  State  of  Franklin,  in  grateful  homage  to 
the  name  of  another  of  its  most  distinguished  patriot  commoners. 

Spain  had  sought  to  possess  their  territory  by  right  of  discovery  as  a 
part  of  Florida.  France  claimed  it  by  right  of  cession  as  a  part  of  Louisi- 
ana, and  England  as  hers  by  conquest.  But  neither  contention  could 
for  an  instant  be  recognized.  Moved  by  the  highest  instincts  of  self- 
government,  guided  by  conscience  and  the  loftiest  motives  of  patriotism, 
under  gallant  old  John  Sevier,  at  Kings  Mountain,  your  forefathers 
bravely  vindicated  their  honor  and  gloriously  won  their  independence. 

Thus  came  the  new  State,  second  only  then  of  the  now  mighty  West 

H.  Doc.  515 2 


1 8  Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition . 

and  Southwest.  And  it  has  made  a  wonderful  history  for  itself.  Tennes- 
see has  sometimes  been  called  the  "  Mother  of  Southwestern  statesmen." 
It  furnished  us  the  immortal  Jackson,  whose  record  in  war  and  whose 
administration  in  peace  as  the  head  of  the  Great  Republic  shines  on  with 
the  advancing  years.  The  century  has  only  added  to  the  luster  of  his 
name,  increased  the  obligations  of  his  countrymen,  and  exalted  him  in 
their  affectionate  regard.  Polk  and  Johnson  also  were  products  of  this 
great  State,  and  many  more  heroes  of  distinguished  deeds  whose  names 
will  come  unbidden  to  your  memories  while  I  speak. 

Tennesseeans  have  ever  been  volunteer,  not  drafted,  patriots.  In  1846, 
when  2,400  soldiers  were  called  for,  30,000  loyal  Tennesseeans  offered  their 
services;  and  amid  the  trials  and  terrors  of  the  great  civil  war,  under  con- 
ditions of  peculiar  distress  and  embarrassment,  her  people  divided  on 
contending  sides.  But  upon  whichever  side  found,  they  fought  fearless 
of  sacrifice  or  death.  Now  happily  there  are  no  contending  sides  in  this 
glorious  Commonwealth  or  in  any  part  of  our  beloved  country.  The  men 
who  opposed  each  other  in  dreadful  battle  a  third  of  a  century  agp  are 
once  more  and  forever  united  in  heart  and  purpose  under  one  flag  in  a 
never-to-be-broken  Union. 

The  glory  of  Tennessee  is  not  alone  in  the  brilliant  names  it  has  con- 
tributed to  history  or  the  heroic  patriotism  displayed  by  the  people  in  so 
many  crises  of  our  national  life,  but  its  material  and  industrial  wealth, 
social  advancement,  and  population  are  striking  and  significant  in  their 
growth  and  development.  Thirty-five  thousand  settlers  in  this  State  in 
1790  had  increased  to  i,  109,000  in  1860,  and  to-day  it  has  a  population 
closely  approximating  2,000,000.  Its  manufactures,  which  in  1860  were 
small  and  unimportant,  in  1890  had  reached  $72,000,000  in  value,  while  its 
farm  products  now  aggregate  more  than  $62,000,000  annually.  Its  river 
commerce  on  three  great  international  waterways,  its  splendid  railways 
operating  nearly  3,000  miles  of  road,  its  mineral  wealth  of  incalcuable 
value,  form  a  splendid  augury  for  the  future.  I  am  sure  no  better  work- 
men could  be  found  than  the  people  of  Tennessee  to  turn  these  confident 
promises  into  grand  realities. 

Your  Exposition  shows  better  than  any  words  of  mine  can  tell  the 
details  of  your  wealth  of  resources  and  power  of  production.  You  have 
done  wisely  in  exhibiting  these  to  your  own  people  and  to  your  sister 
States,  and  at  no  time  could  the  display  be  more  effective  than  now,  when 
what  the  country  needs  more  than  all  else  is  restored  confidence  in  itself. 
This  Exposition  demonstrates  directly  your  own  faith  and  purpose  and 
signifies  in  the  widest  sense  your  true  and  unfailing  belief  in  the  irrepres- 
sible pluck  of  the  American  people,  and  is  a  promising  indication  of  the 
return  of  American  prosperity. 

The  knowledge  which  this  beautiful  and  novel  Exposition  gives  will 
surely  develop  your  trade,  increase  your  output,  enlarge  your  fields  of 
employment,  promote  inventive  competition  and  extend  your  markets, 


Ten nessee  Cen ten n ial  Exposition .  1 9 

and  so  eventually  pay  for  all  it  cost,  as  well  as  justify  local  sentiment  and 
encourage  State  pride. 

Men  and  women  I  ^ee  about  me  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  thou- 
sands more  will  assemble  here  before  the  Exposition  is  closed."  Let  us 
always  remember  that  whatever  differences  about  politics  may  have 
existed,  or  still  exist,  we  are  all  Americans  before  we  are  partisans,  and 
cherish  the  welfare  of  all  the  people  above  party  or  State.  Citizens  of 
different  States,  we  yet  love  all  the  States,  and  in  turn  all  the  States,  by 
ties  of  interest,  affection,  and  immortal  memories,  are  attached  to  the 
Nation  with  unfailing  and  unceasing  love. 

The  lesson  of  the  hour  indeed,  then,  is  this — to  be  faithful  to  our  oppor- 
tunities in  our  several  spheres,  never  forgetting  that  not  one  citizen  or 
several  citizens  have  the  sole  care  of  our  Government,  but  all  the  citizens 
of  all  the  States  are  equally  responsible  for  its  progress  and  preservation, 
and  all  are  equal  recipients  of  good  or  ill.  Hopefully  looking  into  the 
future  let  us  firmly  resolve  that  whatever  adverse  conditions  may  tempo- 
rarily impede  national  progress,  nothing  shall  permanently  stay  or  defeat  it. 

Other  public  receptions  held  in  the  Government  building  were 
those  given  by  Governor  Silas  A.  Holcomb,  of  Nebraska,  his 
staff  and  party,  including  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan,  on  October  8; 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Hon.  Lyman  J.  Gage,  on  October 
9;  and  the  president  of  the  Exposition,  Maj.  John  W.  Thomas, 
on  October  26. 

SUPERVISION   OF    BUILDING. 

During  the  Exposition,  the  building  was  open  to  the  public 
from  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  6  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
until  late  in  September,  when  the  closing  hour  was  changed  to 
5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  owing  to  the  shortness  of  the  days. 

For  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  visitors,  electric  fans  were 
distributed  throughout  the  building,  and  in  the  aisles  and  open 
spaces  a  number  of  chairs  and  settees  were  placed.  In  order  to 
secure  perfect  ventilation  during  the  hot  weather,  the  windows, 
which  had  been  set  stationary,  were  hung  on  hinges,  and  in  the 
evenings  after  the  building  had  been  closed  to  the  public  wire 
screens  were  fastened  in  the  entrances. 

After  the  close  of  the  Exposition,  when  the  electric  light 
plant  had  been  discontinued,  gas  lights  with  large  reflectors  were 
placed  on  either  side  of  the  military  mast  in  the  center  of  the 
building  for  policing  purposes. 


2O  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


DETAILED   EMPLOYEES. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  number  of  persons  detailed 
by  the  several  Departments  in  connection  with  the  Exposition: 

Department  of  State 2 

Treasury  Department 17 

War  Department 6 

Navy  Department 3 

Post-Office  Department 3 

Department  of  the  Interior 17 

Department  of  Justice , 4 

Department  of  Agriculture 13 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum 12 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 13 

Total  number  of  actual  details 90 

In  addition  to  their  regular  salary,  these  employees  were  all 
reimbursed  for  their  actual  traveling  and  subsistence  expenses, 
according  to  the  following  table  of  allowances  for  subsistence 
adopted  by  the  board: 

Members  of  the  board,  not  to  exceed  $5  a  day. 

Secretary  and  disbursing  officer,  not  to  exceed  $4  a  day. 

Chief  agents  and  higher  officials,  staying  one  week  or  less,  not  to  exceed 
$5  a  day;  staying  over  one  week,  i.  e.,  tor  relatively  long  periods  of  time, 
not  over  $3  a  day. 

Assistants,  not  to  exceed  $2.  50  a  day. 

Laborers,  from  $i  to  $2  a  day,  according  to  circumstances. 

Employees  and  detailed  officials  to  be  classified  by  the  representatives 
of  the  Departments  from  which  they  were  detailed. 

The  larger  number  of  details  were  made  during  the  periods 
of  installation  and  repacking. 

The  representatives  of  the  War  Department  secured  the  serv- 
ices of  noncommissioned  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  United 
States  Army  to  install  and  maintain  the  exhibit  of  that  Depart- 
ment, their  salaries  being  borne  by  the  appropriation  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  Army. 

REALLOTMENT   OF   FUNDS. 

On  July  10,  1897,  tne  board  directed  the  committee  on  allot- 
ments to  make  a  report  as  to  a  reallotment  of  the  funds.  Each 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  21 

representative  accordingly  submitted  a  statement  of  the  expend- 
itures, liabilities,  and  estimated  future  expenses  of  his  respective 
department,  and  a  reapportionment  was  made  to  take  effect  on 
August  i,  1897. 

In  consideration  of  the  original  apportionment  of  funds, 
transfers  authorized  by  the  board  from  time  to  time,  and  the 
reallotment  of  funds,  the  actual  apportionment  was  as  follows:1 

Department  of  State $2,  647.  17 

Treasury  Department 10,  684.  14 

War  Department 5,  197.  93 

Department  of  Justice 2,  200.  33 

Navy  Department 7,  972.  12 

Post-Office  Department \  3,  883.  80 

Department  of  the  Interior 9,  669.  19 

Department  of  Agriculture n,  311.  79 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum 16,  074.  70 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 16,  255.  10 

General  fund  of  the  board 14,  103.  53 

Total loo,  coo.  oo 

SUBJECT   OP   AWARDS. 

The  board  having  been  requested  by  the  management  of  the 
Exposition  to  enter  the  Government  exhibits  in  competition  for 
awards,  the  following  report  of  a  special  committee  was  adopted: 

There  is  a  general  consensus  of  opinion  that  the  Government  is  not  and 
can  not  be  in  competition  with  other  exhibitors,  nor  can  its  several 
Departments  compete  with  one  another.  The  ordinary  entry  for  awards 
is  therefore  out  of  the  question. 

It  is,  nevertheless,  quite  proper  that  the  Government,  as  represented 
by  its  many  bureaus,  should  receive  recognition  from  the  jury  of  awards 
and  Exposition  managers. 

The  board  therefore  recommends  that  the  matter  of  awards  be  left  en- 
tirely in  the  hands  of  tha  Exposition  authorities  and  the  jury  for  such 
action  as  they  deem  most  desirable.  It  is  also  the  opinion  of  the  board 
that  if  awards  are  made,  they  should  be  entirely  official  and  not  to  indi- 
viduals; that  is,  Departments  and  bureaus  may  properly  be  recognized 
by  the  jury,  but  not  persons. 

No  medals  or  diplomas  were  received  by  the  Government 
from  the  Exposition  management,  but  the  jury  of  awards  offered 
a  report  on  the  exhibits  of  the  several  Departments. 

1  See  statement  of  transfers  of  funds,  Appendix  A. 


22  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

RESHIPMENT    OF    EXHIBITS. 

With  few  exceptions,  the  exhibits  were  packed  and  read)7  for 
reshipment  by  November  15,  a  half  month  after  the  close  of  the 
Exposition.  The  last  car,  however,  was  not  loaded  until 
December  5.  In  the  reshipment  of  the  exhibits,  a  track  was 
laid  to  the  south  entrance  of  the  building,  where  a  platform  for 
loading  was  constructed. 

STORAGE    OF   PACKING    BOXES. 

A  saving  in  time  of  a  week  and  the  avoidance  of  much  incon- 
venience in  repacking  was  gained  by  the  storing  of  empty 
packing  boxes  and  crates  in  the  basement  of  the  building.  In 
order  to  prevent  as  far  as  possible  the  occurrence  of  fire  and 
consequent  destruction  of  property  invaluable  and  beyond 
replacing,  great  care  and  watchfulness  was  exercised  to  prohibit 
the  storing  of  boxes  containing  packing  material  of  any  kind, 
and  a  rigid  inspection  of  the  entire  basement  was  made  each 
day  as  a  further  precaution. 

ADMISSION    TO    EXPOSITION. 

The  price  of  admission  to  the  Exposition  was  50  cents  for 
adults,  and  25  cents  for  children  under  12  years  of  age;  except 
after  7  o'clock  in  the  evening,  when  the  price  to  all  was  25 
cents.  No  charge  was  made  by  the  Exposition  management, 
however,  for  the  admission  of  persons  connected  with  the  Gov- 
ernment exhibit,  and  the  usual  deposit  of  $3  for  the  photo- 
graphic pass  was  waived,  by  request,  in  the  case  of  Government 
employees,  the  department  of  admissions  of  the  Exposition 
promptly  furnishing  pass  cards  and  photographic  passes  on  the 
application  of  the  secretary  of  the  board. 

Before  the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  the  management  hoped 
that  the  total  attendance  would  reach  2,000,000,  which  proved 
a  very  conservative  estimate,  for  after  the  close  of  the  fair, 
when  the  books  of  the  department  of  admissions  were  examined 
it  was  found  that,  in  round  numbers,  1,886,700  people  had 
passed  through  the  turnstiles.  The  unexpected  and  persistent 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  23 

scourge  of  j'ellow  fever  in  the  Gulf  States  not  only  largely 
destroyed  the  patronage  from  that  section  of  the  country  owing 
to  the  strict  quarantine  enforced,  but  also  intimidated  the  people 
of  the  North. 

Had  it  not  been  for  the  unfortunate  occurrence  of  this  dreaded 
disease,  the  attendance  would  unquestionably  have  exceeded 
2,000,000. 

The  Exposition  was  closed  to  visitors  on  Sundays  through- 
out the  six  months  of  its  duration. 

CO-OPERATION    OF    EXPOSITION    OFFICIALS. 

The  management  of  the  Exposition  recognized  the  board 
very  courteously,  and  throughout  the  work  of  installing  and 
maintaining  the  Government  exhibit  rendered  valuable  assist- 
ance. The  board  is  especially  indebted  to  President  J.  W. 
Thomas,  Director- General  E.  C.  Lewis,  Director  of  Affairs  Dr. 
W.  L.  Dudley,  Chief  Herman  Justi  of  the  Bureau  of  Promotion 
and  Publicity,  Chief  Clerk  W.  H.  Bruce,  Chief  J.  N.  Brooks  of 
the  Department  of  Admissions,  Engineer  in  Charge  R.  T: 
Creighton,  and  Chief  Electrician  J.  A.  Pentacost;  and  the  fol- 
lowing-named members  of  the  executive  committee:  E.  E. 
Barthell,  G.  H.  Baskette,  Tully  Brown,  H.  W.  Buttorff,  J.  H. 
Fall,  T.  D.  Kite,  Samuel  J.  Keith,  J.  J.  McCann,  A.  H. 
Robinson. 

Governor  Robert  L,.  Taylor,  through  his  constant  interest  in 
the  enterprise,  made  many  friends  for  the  Exposition. 

EXPOSITION   CUSTOMS   SERVICE. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  section  4  of  the  act  of 
Congress,  previously  quoted,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
prescribed  ' '  regulations  for  the  security  of  the  revenue  and  for 
the  collection  of  import  duties, ' '  and  established  on  the  Expo- 
sition grounds  an  office  of  the  customs  service,  of  which  Mr. 
James  Randall  Dunn  was  in  charge. 

EXPOSITION    POSTAL   SERVICE. 

It  is  not  inappropriate  to  mention  the  success  of  the  post- 
office  located  in  the  Government  building  and  known  as  the 


24  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

"Centennial  Station  of  the  Nashville  Post-Office."  The  office 
was  opened  on  May  20,  1897,  and  continued  until  November 
15  of  the  same  }rear;  in  other  words,  practically  the  entire 
period  of  the  Exposition.  It  was  provided  with  a  designated 
clerk  in  charge,  an  assistant  clerk,  and  a  force  of  five  carriers. 
The  free-delivery  service  was  very  efficient  and  satisfactory, 
mail  being  delivered  over  the  Exposition  grounds  and  collected 
from  boxes  placed  at  various  convenient  points  four  times  daily. 
The  mail  was  dispatched  from  the  office  to  the  Nashville  post- 
office  by  special  messenger  over  the  street  railway  six  times 
daily,  registered  mail  pouches  being  included  twice  daily. 
During  its  existence  the  office  issued  1,553  domestic  money 
orders,  amounting  to  $20,193.09,  the  fees  on  the  same  being 
$123.90.  The  registry  business  consisted  of  835  dispatches  and 
748  receipts.  The  total  sales  of  postage  stamps,  postal  cards, 
stamped  envelopes  and  wrappers,  and  postage-due  stamps 
amounted  to  $3,954.41.  In  addition  a  small  sum  was  col- 
lected for  the  rent  of  locked  mail  boxes  at  the  office. 

The  management  and  workings  of.  this  station,  under  the 
efficient  administration  of  the  clerk  in  charge,  Mr.  John  F. 
House,  was  well-nigh  perfect.  This  was  remarkable,  when  the 
fact  is  taken  into  consideration  that  all  nationalities  did  busi- 
ness with  the  office,-  purchasing  and  receiving  international 
money  orders,  dispatching  and  receiving  registered  letters  and 
packages,  etc. ,  it  being  often  difficult  and  almost  impossible  to 
understand  the  wants  of  the  patrons  on  account  of  the  imper- 
fect English  spoken;  yet  not  one  complaint  was  made  of  a  lost 
letter  or  package. 

PARTICIPATION    OF    UNITED    STATES    ARMY. 

It  is  proper  to  express  the  appreciation  of  the  board  on  the 
fine  showing  made  by  the  regular  troops  of  the  United  States 
Army  in  their  exhibition  drills,  participation  in  parades,  sham 
battles,  etc.,  which  proved  such  valuable  attractions  for  the 
Exposition.  The  successes  gained  were  largely  due  to  the 
efforts  of  Capt.  Henry  C.  Ward,  of  the  Sixteenth  United  States 
Infantry,  who  not  only  acted  as  representative  of  the  War 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  25 

Department  on  the  board,  but  without  additional  compensation 
from  the  Exposition  management  acted  as  secretary  to  its  mili- 
tary committee,  in  which  capacity  he  provided  for  the  reception, 
camping,  keeping,  and  participation  of  the  infantry,  cavalry, 
and  artillery,  both  regular  and  State. 

FUTURE    GOVERNMENT    EXHIBITION    BUILDINGS. 

The  Government  building  at  Nashville,  erected  at  a  cost  of 
less  than  $30,000,  was  so  admirably  adapted  to  its  purpose  that 
it  seems  well  to  call  the  attention  of  Congress  to  that  fact,  as 
well  as  to  its  moderate  cost,  so  that  in  future  it  will  not  be 
found  necessary  to  appropriate  large  sums  of  money  for  the 
construction  of  buildings  for  exhibition  purposes.  Such  build- 
ings are  temporary  at  best,  and  at  the  end  of  the  Exposition  are 
of  little,  if  any,  value  to  the  Government.  If  it  is  impossible 
to  provide  buildings  of  a  durable  nature,  it  would  seem  in  the 
interest  of  economy  that  the  amount  appropriated  for  future 
exhibition  buildings  be  limited  to  the  minimum,  or  even  that  no 
appropriation  be  made  at  all.  Should  Congress  require  that  the 
exposition  furnish  a  building  in  which  to  place  the  Government 
exhibit,  it  would  tend  to  discourage  the  asking  for  appropria- 
tions by  States,  cities,  and  exposition  managements  for  Govern- 
ment exhibits,  which  are  now  so  constantly  made,  and  much  to 
the  inconvenience  of  the  Executive  Departments. 

TERMINAL   FREIGHT   SERVICE. 

The  board  was  particularly  satisfied  with  the  arrangements 
for  transferring  exhibits  into  the  Exposition  grounds  and 
unloading  from  cars  into  the  building.  Previous  experience  at 
expositions  has  generally  been  that  these  arrangements  were  very 
unsatisfactory,  and  often  that  unnecessary  delay  was  caused  and 
unreasonable  charges  made,  but  at  Nashville,  although  the  con- 
cession was,  as  is  usually  the  case,  an  exclusive  privilege,  there 
was  neither  inefficiency  of  service  nor  exorbitance  of  rates. 

EXPENSES   OF   THE    BOARD   PROPER. 

As  already  stated,  the  sum  of  $10,000  was  set  aside  as  a  gen- 
eral fund  of  the  board,  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  such  general 


26  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

expenses  of  the  board  as  maintenance  of  the  building,  salaries  of 
clerks  to  the  board,  pay  of  guards,  inspectors  and  cleaners,  sta- 
tionery and  supplies,  and  .such  other  expenditures  as  were  not 
justly  chargeable  to  the  funds  allotted  the  Departments  indi- 
vidually. This  was,  by  various  reallotments,  increased  to 
$14,103.53,  until  eventually  all  balances  of  the  apportionments 
to  the  several  Departments  were  turned  in  to  its  credit. 

The  following  is  a  complete  and  classified  statement  of  all 
expenditures  made  from  the  general  fund: 

Services $8,  035.  75 

Plumbing,  repairs  to  and  care  of  building i,  088.  19 

Travel 586.  65 

Subsistence i,  217.  74 

Bxpressage 58.  48 

Cartage 16.  19 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 156.  99 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc 44-73 

Supplies,  etc 683.  30 

Decorations,  partitions,  etc i,  842.  29 

Miscellaneous  and  office  expenses 799.  53 


Total 14,  529.  84 

COST    OF   EXHIBIT. 

Herewith  is  given  a  complete  statement  of  all  expenditures 
on  account  of  the  Government  exhibit,  classified  both  as  to  the 
object  of  the  disbursement  and  the  Department  incurring  the 
liability.  From  this  .statement  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total 
cost  of  the  exhibit  was  $95,917.41. 

Of  this  amount  but  $3,179.25  was  for  clerical  services, 
$10,000  being  the  limit  set  by  the  act  of  Congress  making  the 
appropriation  for  the  Government  exhibit. 

The  board  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Charles  Richards  Dodge,  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  official  photographer  to  the  board, 
for  views  of  the  Government  building  and  exhibit,  and  also  for 
general  views  of  the  Exposition  included  in  this  report. 

Recognition  is  here  made  of  the  efficient  and  attentive  serv- 
ices rendered  by  Mr.  James  L,.  Farmer,  clerk  to  the  secretary; 
and  by  Mr.  Robert  L.  Stone,  detailed  from  the  National  Museum 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  27 

in  connection  with  the  exhibit  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
and  National  Museum,  who  cooperated  in  the  work  of  the  sec- 
retary's office  and  assisted  in  the  preparation  of  this  report. 

The  descriptions  of  the  exhibits  of  the  several  Departments, 
appended  to  this  report,  have  been  furnished  by  the  respective 
representatives,  members  of  the  board  of  management,  whose 
hearty  cooperation  made  the  Government  exhibit  at  the  Ten- 
nessee Centennial  Exposition  one  of  the  most  successful  and 
creditable  ever  prepared. 

W.  V.  Cox,    . 
Secretary  Board  of  Management. 


28 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


Classified  statement  of  expenditures  of  the  board  of  manage 

Exposition, 


Object  of  expenditure. 

Depart- 
ment of 
State. 

Treasury 
Depart- 
ment. 

War 
Depart- 
ment. 

Navy 
Depart- 
ment. 

$264  oo 

$i  ^o  8q 

$2  385  66 

Special  or  contract  services  

1  20.  30 

i,  680  04 

Travel 

67  os 

460  45 

95  2  74 

i  423  02 

8lS   SS 

2  761  89 

74"*  60 

Freight             

92.8o 

752.  83 

335  J9 

6so  si 

17  65 

I93  47 

7  7S 

8s  61 

Carta0^        

195.  90 

20.83 

14.  95 

Kxhibitio'i  cases  frames   etc 

129  oo 

410  33 

170  60 

•J2  4S 

118  77 

Hardware  tools  etc     

192.  72 

88.60 

76.  44 

T.   OO 

60  91 

47  85 

29  os 

Supplies  and  preparators'  material  
Packing  material 

119.96 
79  32 

669.78 
56  80 

98.47 
45  88 

Apparatus  specimens  models,  etc  

245.  oo 

490.  83 

274.  68 

388.86 

Decorations  partitions  railings  etc  

478.  07 

14.  67 

Miscellaneous  and  office  expenses  

25.25 

118.55 

91.  27 

53-  74 

Plumbing,  care  of,  and  repairs  to  Govern- 

Packing,  installation,  repacking,  and  un- 
packing exhibits  by  contracts. 

625.  oo 

2,618.  12 

Klectric  motor  for  running  coin  press  in 
Treasury  Department  exhibit  

300.  oo 

Total  

2,  284.  30 

10,716.99 

3,  800.  20 

7,  988.  42 

Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


29 


meni,  United  States  Government  exhibit,  Tennessee  Centennial 
Nashville, 


Post- 
Office 
Depart- 
ment. 

Depart- 
ment of 
the 
Interior. 

Depart- 
ment of 
Justice. 

Depart- 
ment of 
Agricul- 
ture. 

Commis- 
sion of 
Fish  and 
Fisheries. 

Smith- 
sonian 
Institu- 
tion and 
National 
Museum. 

General 
fund. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

$1,145.00 

$923.68 

123    5O 

$462.82 

$2,608.67 
163.  88 

$2,131-95 

2.  ^2S-  7S 

$7,225.17 
888  95 

$3,485.75 

$28,  207.  8  1 
5  302  42 

282.  65 

3,  206.  75 

I22.-70 

185   40 

462.  10 
i,  807.  29 

1,  136.  89 

2,  26l.  IO 

i,  015.  26 
803.  30 

608.95 

I,  222   34 

9,  738.  56 
n,5S5.  88 

60-2  42 

02    80 

"H4  21 

166  -u 

7^8  IQ 

4  183  66 

36.00 

37-52 

I576'42i 

270.41 

54  97 

168.35 
77  18 

61.18 
16  IQ 

i,  028.  94 
456  28 

608  80 

76.99 

6.50 

55-56 

105    12 

73-29 

QS  QO 

124  89 

IS6   QQ 

1,047.60 
922  68 

19  71 

74.80 

691.  is 

i,  320.  99 

44-  73 

2,  292.  19 

7O    IQ 

I   893  82 

•*oi  so 

683  30 

3  032.91 

248.  92 
50.  75 

133-98 

2,  285.  65 
173.  15 

"'64.'  80' 

295-35 
1,273-35 

43-  69 

23.71 
I,I3I-58 
407.  30 

163.  40 

2''£^ 

i,  842.  29 

827.  oo 
8,561.42 
3,076.  17 

43-94 

684.  80 

16.05 

192.  65 

255-  36 

34-88 

822.  38 
i  088  19 

2,338-87 
i  088  19 

3,  793  *  "* 

300.  oo 

3,  802.  01 

9,187.96 

1,812.59 

8,  909.  27 

16,  309.  77 

16,  073.  61 

15,  032.  29 

95,9i7.4i 

Total  expenditures  for  clerical  services $3, 179.  25 


Total  expenditures  for  exhibit 

Balance  unexpended,  March  i,  1901 


Total  exhibit  aopropriation. . 

Total  expenditures  for  building  — 

Total  building  appropriation. 


95, 917. 4i 
4, 082. 59 


IOO,  OOO.  OO 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  11. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  DEPART- 
MENT OF  STATE. 


Of  the  $100,000  appropriated  by  an  act  of  Congress  approved 
December  22,  1896,  providing  for  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  Government  in  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  the 
Department  of  State  was  allotted  $2 , 700. z  A  floor  space  of  500 
square  feet,  located  near  the  rotunda  of  the  Government  build- 
ing, was  assigned  to  the  Department  for  its  exhibit. 

On  December  30,  1896,  Mr.  H.  I.  Renick,  then  chief  clerk  of 
the  Department,  was  appointed  its  representative  on  the  board 
of  management.  He  resigned  on  April  14,  1897,  and  on  April 
30  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Cridler,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
was  appointed  to  represent  the  Department. 

Mr.  John  M.  Biddle,  a  clerk  of  the  Department  of  class  2,  was 
appointed  chief  special  agent  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  and 
detailed  to  assist  the  representative  in  the  preparation,  installa- 
tion, and  maintenance  of  the  exhibit.  Mr.  H.  Warren  Smith, 
a  clerk  of  the  Department  of  class  3,  was  detailed  as  special 
agent  and  took  charge  of  the  exhibit  on  September  6,  1897, 
relieving  Mr.  Biddle,  who  assumed  charge  again  on  October  16, 
following,  and  remained  until  the  exhibit  was  repacked  and 
shipped  to  Washington,  on  November  15,  1897. 

A  young  man,  resident  of  Nashville,  was  appointed  as  a 
messenger  and  remained  on  duty  throughout  the  Exposition. 
On  September  i ,  1 897 ,  a  second  messenger  was  appointed  to  dis- 
tribute certain  documents  published  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Department. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Executive  Mansion,  being  small,  was  made 
part  of  the  exhibit  of  the  Department  of  State.  It  comprised 

1  Original  allotment. 

31 


32  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

portraits  of  the  President  and  Vice-President,  and  steel  engrav- 
ings of  all  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States  chronologically 
arranged,  together  with  a.  photograph  of  the  Executive  Mansion. 
The  official  workings  of  the  President's  office  was  summarily 
shown  by  a  blank  form  of  nomination  as  sent  to  the  Senate, 
commissions  issued  for  different  offices,  samples  of  stationery, 
the  official  seal,  a  warrant  directing  the  Secretary  of  State  to 
place  the  seal  of  the  United  States  upon  an  executive  instru- 
ment, and  forms  of  letters  used. 

From  the  historical  archives  of  the  Department  of  State,  which 
contain  many  rare  collections  of  papers  and  letters  written  by 
men  connected  with  the  foundation  of  the  Government,  there 
was  exhibited  a  sample  volume  of  the  "  Washington  Papers," 
of  which  there  are  313  volumes,  embracing  manuscript  papers 
of  George  Washington,  including  that  of  December  29,  1783, 
resigning  his  commission  as  General  of  the  Army.  One  vol- 
ume, also,  from  each  of  the  following  collections  was  exhib- 
ited: "Madison  Papers,"  in  75  volumes;  " Jefferson  Papers," 
in  131  volumes;  "Hamilton  Papers,''  in  65  volumes;  "Monroe 
Papers,"  in  22  volumes,  and  "Franklin Papers,"  in  34  volumes. 
These  valuable  documents  have  all  been  purchased  by  the  Gov- 
ernment and  arranged  in  the  manner  shown  by  the  Department 
in  the  exhibit.  The  manuscripts  have  been  carefully  restored, 
mounted  on  sheets,  indexed,  and  bound  in  volumes,  such  work 
being  now  in  progress  upon  the  papers  of  Washington  and 
Hamilton. 

The  Department  has  in  its  custody  the  original  Declaration  of 
Independence,  but  this  precious  document  has  become  so  faded 
that  it  is  now  necessary  to  protect  it  from  the  light.  A  fac- 
simile was  exhibited  with  thirty-eight  portraits  of  the  signers, 
accompanied  also  by  an  artotype  of  the  original  rough  draft  con- 
taining the  interli  leations  and  corrections  by  Adams  and  Frank- 
lin. An  artotype  of  the  original  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  was  shown  with  thirty-six  portraits  of  the  signers.  These 
artotypes  so  resemble  the  originals  that  they  are  esteemed 
equally  as  good  for  exhibition  purposes. 

The  exhibit  included  a  fine  collection  of  autograph  letters 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  33 

from  foreign  officials  and  celebrities  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  among  them  being  communications  from  Robe- 
spierre; Barere;  Carnot;  Louis  XVI,  King  of  France;  Napoleon 
I;  Jerome  Bonaparte;  Queen  Victoria;  Alexander  I,  of  Russia; 
William  I,  Emperor  of  Germany;  President  Diaz,  of  Mexico; 
Ranavalona,  Queen  of  Madagascar,  and  Chulalongkorn,  King 
of  Siam. 

Autographs  of  the  Presidents  were  shown  in  original  procla- 
mations on  various  subjects.  There  was  a  set  of  portraits  of 
the  Secretaries  of  State;  maps  showing  the  growth  of  the  United 
States  diplomatic  and  consular  service;  maps  showing  the  expan- 
sion of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  under  treaty  provi- 
sions; Andrew  Jackson's  sword;  swords  presented  to  the  United 
States  by  Japan  and  Siam;  Malay  krises  captured  from  pirates;  a 
large  gold  medal  set  with  diamonds  and  containing  a  fine  cameo 
bearing  a  representation  of  Columbus  discovering  America, 
designed  and  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  by 
the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  in  commemoration  of  the  four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America;  a  statuette  of  George 
Washington  by  Baron  Marchetti  from  the  original  study  and 
model  by  his  master,  Houdon  of  Paris,  in  1785-1790,  for  an 
equestrian  statue,  which,  according  to  Thomas  Jefferson,  then 
the  United  States  minister  to  France,  was  sent  to  America  by 
Houdon  with  the  expectation  of  receiving  an  order  from  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  to  have  it  cast  in  bronze,  but  the 
model  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  Washington,  leaving  this  statu- 
ette as  the  only  survival.  It  was  in  possession  of  the  Duke  of 
York,  who,  at  the  time  of  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago,  pre- 
sented it  to  the  United  States,  and  it  was  placed  in  the  custody 
of  this  Department. 

The  workings  of  the  various  bureaus  of  the  Department  were 
carefully  outlined,  particularly  of  the  passport  division,  which 
is  of  great  interest  to  those  contemplating  a  trip  abroad.  There 
were  shown  the  forms  of  passports  used  by  the  Department, 
forms  of  application  for  a  passport,  those  to  be  used  by  native 
citizens,  by  naturalized  citizens,  and  by  persons  claiming  citi- 
zenship through  the  naturalization  of  their  husbands  or  parents; 
H.  Doc.  515 3 


34  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

instructions  governing  the  issuance  of  passports,  and  a  pam- 
phlet, for  free  distribution,  showing  the  passport  regulations  of 
foreign  countries. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  expenditures  made  by  the 
Department  of  State  for  its  exhibit: 

Contract,  including  cartage,  lumber  and  mill  work,  hardware, 
tools,  glass,  brushes,  supplies  and  preparators'  material,  pack- 
ing material,  etc $625.  oo 

Services 264.  oo 

Travel 67.  05 

Subsistence,  including  while  traveling ? 815.  55 

Freight 92.  80 

Expressage 17-65 

Paints,  floor  varnish,  etc 3.  oo 

Apparatus,  specimens,  etc. 245.  oo 

Frames ......  „.;.*•. . .; 129.  oo 

Office  expenses  .......... ./.' 25.  25 

Total  . . ... .' .   2,  284.  30 

THOMAS  W.  CRIDLER, 
Representative,  Department  of  Staie. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  12. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE 
TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 


The  legislation  which  provided  for  an  exhibit  to  be  made 
from  the  various  Executive  Departments  at  the  Tennessee  Cen- 
tennial Exposition,  held  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  during  the  year 
1897,  *n  order  to  illustrate  the  administrative  functions  of  the 
Government,  did  not  become  a  law  until  December  22,  1896, 
and  May  i,  1897,  was  ^ne  date  fixed  by  the  Exposition  authori- 
ties for  the  formal  opening.  As  May  i  approached  it  was 
realized  by  the  board  of  management  of  the  Government  exhibit 
that  a  perfect  installation  could  not  be  accomplished  by  that 
time,  and  accordingly  the  opening  of  the  Government  build- 
ing was  postponed  until  May  17,  1897. 

The  shortness  of  the  time  allowed  to  collect,  prepare,  trans- 
port, and  install  is  apparent,  and  it  was  only  by  the  exercise  of 
the  utmost  diligence  that  the  exhibit  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment was  made  ready. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Treasury  Department  was  selected  and 
prepared  after  conference  with  the  heads  of  the  various  offices 
and  bureaus  participating  in  the  Exposition,  and  the  bulk  of 
the  actual  installation  was  done  under  contract  with  Mr.  W.  H. 
Veerhoff,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

In  the  assignment  of  space  and  the  allotment  of  funds  the 
Treasury  Department  received,  approximately,  3,600  square 
feet,  and  the  sum  of  $10,000,  which  amount  was  subsequently 
supplemented  by  $i  ,000  additional.  The  following  offices  and 
bureaus  made  exhibits: 

The  Bureau  of  the  Mint  exhibited  a  coin  press  from  the 
Philadelphia  mint,  which  was  run  daily,  and  which  struck  a 
souvenir  medal  for  the  Exposition  authorities;  also  a  full  col- 
lection of  the  national  medals,  numbering  146,  together  with  a 

-35 


36  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

full  set  of  the  current  coinage  of  the  United  States  and  other 
prominent  nations.  This  exhibit,  though  small,  attracted  great 
attention,  because  it  showed  at  a  glance  the 'exact  manner  in 
which  the  metallic  coinage  of  the  United  States  is  executed. 

The  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing  displayed  a  plate- 
printing  press  in  operation,  upon  which  were  printed  souvenir 
cards  and  vignettes  of  the  Executive  Mansion  and  the  Capitol 
and  portraits  of  the  President  and  the  Vice- President  of  the 
United  States;  and  large  frames,  handsomely  gilded,  containing 
proof  sheets  of  all  denominations  of  United  States  notes  and 
bonds,  and  United  States  postage  and  internal-revenue  stamps. 
This  exhibit  showed  every  denomination  of  note  and  bond  now 
issued  by  the  Government,  and  was  instructive  as  to  matter,  and 
dignified  in  appearance. 

The  Office  of  the  Register  of  the  Treasury  exhibited  winged 
frames  showing  canceled  United  States  notes  and  bonds,  speci- 
mens of  old  State  bank  issues  and  wild-cat  money,  and  specimens 
of  Confederate  States  notes  and  bonds,  all  of  which  possessed 
much  historical  value. 

The  Office  of  the  Supervising  Architect  exhibited  a  handsome 
collection  of  perspectives,  22  in  number,  showing  the  more  recent 
construction  work  done  by  that  office. 

The  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  displayed  a  full  collection  of 
the  standard  weights  and  measures  of  the  United  States,  and  this 
exhibit,  though  extremely  technical,  was  handsomely  installed 
and  attracted  much  attention. 

The  Marine-Hospital  Service  made  a  full  exhibit,  illustrative 
of  its  various  functions.  The  exhibit  consisted  of  every  instru- 
ment and  appliance  to  be  found  in  a  first -class  hospital,  and  spe- 
cial features  -were  made  of  the  Rcentgen-ray  apparatus,  which 
was  operated  daily  during  the  period  of  the  Exposition,  to  the 
delight  and  wonder  of  all  who  witnessed  it;  and  a  disinfecting 
apparatus  for  the  application  of  steam  or  formaldehyde  gas  was 
an  object  of  much  interest  to  the  medical  profession,  especially 
due  to  the  fact  that  during  the  last  three  months  of  the  Exposi- 
tion period  yellow  fever  was  prevalent  in  certain  Southern  States. 
At  the  close  of  the  Exposition  this  apparatus  was  immediately 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  13. 


Tennessee  Cen ten n ial  Exposition .  3 7 

shipped  to  the  marine  hospital  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  for  use  in 
combatting  the  disease  in  question. 

The  Light-House  Establishment  made  a  complete  exhibit  of  all 
the  lenses  and  lanterns  used  in  the  light-house  stations  of  the 
Government.  The  principal  feature  of  this  exhibit  was  a  second- 
order  bivalve  lense  in  operation,  which  was  lighted  by  electricity, 
and  by  common  consent  was  conceded  to  be  the  most  impressive 
exhibit  in  the  Government  building. 

The  Internal-Revenue  Bureau  exhibited  a  framed  collection 
of  internal-revenue  stamps. 

The  Office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  exhibited  portraits 
of  the  more  noted  Secretaries. 

The  entire  exhibit  of  the  Treasury  Department  was  trans- 
ported to  Nashville,  installed,  repacked  at  the  close  of  the  Expo- 
sition, and  returned  to  the  point  of  original  shipment  without 
loss,  breakage,  or  accident  of  any  kind. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  position  of  Supervising  Architect 
was  vacant  during  the  most  of  the  Exposition  period,  it  was 
found  impossible  to  give  much  personal  attention  to  the  exhibit 
in  Nashville,  and  accordingly  Mr.  S.  L.  Lupton  was  allowed  to 
represent  the  Department.  Mr.  Lupton  discharged  this  responsi- 
bility with  tact  and  discretion,  and,  when  the  Exposition  closed, 
supervised  the  repacking  and  shipment  of  the  exhibit  and  the 
return  to  its  proper  place  of  all  that  portion  of  the  exhibit  which 
came  directly  to  Washington.  This  was  fully  accomplished  by 
January  i ,  1898,  when  Mr.  Lupton  was  separated  from  the  service. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Treasury  Department  was  made  at  a  cost 
of  $10,716.99,  as  shown  by  the  following  statement  of  expendi- 
tures: 

Services $i,  330.  89 

Special  services,  printing,  drafting,  repairing  apparatus,  etc. . .  120.  30 

Travel 460.  45 

Subsistence,  including  while  traveling 2,  761.  89 

Freight 752.  83 

Expressage 193.  47 

Cartage 195.  90 

Exhibition  cases,  office  furniture,  frames,  etc 410.  33 

Lumber  and  millwork 32.  45 


38  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Hardware $192.  72 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc 60.  91 

Supplies 1 19.  96 

Packing  material 79.  32 

Apparatus,  medals,  photographs,  bacteria  cultures,  etc 490.  83 

Packing,  installation,  repacking,  and   unpacking  exhibit,  by 

contract 2,  618.  12 

Decorations,  partitions,  railings,  etc 478.  07 

'  Miscellaneous  expenses 118.  55 

Klectric  motor  for  running  coin  press 300.  oo 

Total 10,  716.  99 

It  is  hoped  that  the  experience  gained  at  the  Tennessee  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  will  enable  the  Treasury  Department  to 
make  a  better  presentation  at  the  Trans- Mississippi  and  Inter- 
national Exposition  to  be  held  in  Omaha,  Nebr. ,  during  1898. 

CHARLES  E.  KEMPER, 
Representative,   Treasury  Department. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  14. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  WAR 
DEPARTMENT. 


The  War  Department  was  represented  at  the  Tennessee  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  by  Capt.  Henry  C.  Ward,  Sixteenth  United 
States  Infantry,  with  Post  Q.  M.  Sergt.  Joseph  J.  Hittinger, 
United  States  Army,  as  his  assistant. 

The  exhibit  only  represented  four  branches  of  the  Army, 
namely,  the  Quartermaster's,  Engineer's,  Ordnance,  and  Signal 
Corps  departments. 

The  Quartermaster's  Department  exhibited  lay  figures, 
mounted  and  dismounted,  showing  the  uniforms  of  officers  and 
men  from  1776  to  the  present,  and  that  of  a  Puritan  soldier  of 
1620;  also  a  case  of  chevrons,  showing  the  various  insignia  of  the 
enlisted  branch;  two  pack  mules,  showing  old  and  new  style  of 
pack  saddles  used  by  troops  on  a  campaign  against  Indians  in 
the  far  West,  where  wagon  transportation  is  not  available  or 
practicable;  also  silken  colors  of  regiments,  battalions,  armies, 
corps,  divisions,  and  brigades,  and  a  silken  guidon  of  the  Seventh 
Cavalry,  of  Custer  fame. 

The  Engineer's  Department  exhibited  models  of  Harlem  River 
improvement,  St.  Marys  Falls  canal  locks,  pontoon  bridge 
apparatus,  mortar  battery,  Hell  Gate  blockhouse,  and  lift  gun 
battery;  also  a  number  of  photographs  and  a  series  of  sixteen 
transparencies;  a  submarine  mine  group,  showing  how  American 
harbors  and  rivers  are  protected. 

The  Ordnance  Department  exhibited  a  light  battery  field  gun, 
with  carriage  and  limber  complete;  Gatling  gun,  with  carriage 
and  limber  complete;  field  mortar  and  carriage;  four  gun  racks, 
with  a  large  collection  of  ancient  and  modern  guns  and  revolvers, 
including  those  now  in  use  in  the  Army;  cavalry  and  infantry 
soldiers'  complete  equipments;  armor-piercing  shot  for  8,  10,  and 

39 


40  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

12-  inch  rifles;  shells  for  y-inch  Howitzer  and  5-inch  siege  guns; 
sample  boards  of  the  different  swords,  sabers,  and  scabbards 
used  in  the  Army;  sample  boards  of  fuses  and  ammunition,  both 
reloading  and  nonreloading. 

The  Signal  Corps  exhibited  the  various  apparatus  used  for 
day  and  night  signaling;  photographs  of  arctic  scenes;  the 
famous  relics  of  the  Greely  relief  expedition,  the  medicine  chest, 
the  sealskin  boots  boiled  up  to  make  the  last  meal,  the  impro- 
vised scales  used  to  weigh  rations,  the  hatchet  and  piece  of  flag 
carried  by  Lockwood  and  Brainerd  to  the  farthest  north,  the  oar 
with  its  distress  signal,  a  sledge  made  from  pieces  of  boards  and 
used  by  Sergeants  Rice  and  Frederick  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  cross  to  Baird  Inlet  to  obtain  the  food  which  had  been  cached 
there.  Sergeant  Rice  died  on  the  sledge  during  this  trip  and 
was  buried  in  the  snow. 

MILITARY   ORGANIZATIONS   AT  THE   EXPOSITION. 

The  military  department  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Expo- 
sition was  conceived  and  planned  during  the  inaugural  parade 
and  ceremonies  which  occurred  in  Nashville,  Tenn. ,  June  i  and 
2,  1896. 

The  United  States  troops  in  that  parade  consisted  of  one  bat- 
talion of  nine  companies  of  the  Fifth  United  States  Infantry, 
from  Fort  McPherson,  Ga.,  commanded  by  Maj.  Charles  Porter; 
one  battalion  of  four  companies  of  the  Sixth  United  States 
Infantry,  from  Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col. 
H.  C.  Egbert;  and  one  squadron  of  four  troops  of  the  Third 
United  States  Cavalry,  from  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  commanded 
by  Lieut.  Col.  Guy  V.  Henry.  The  above  organizations  num- 
bered about  one  thousand  United  States  soldiers. 

The  State  troops  consisted  of  the  First  Brigade  of  the  National 
Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  under  the  command  of  Brig.  Gen. 
A.  S.  Taylor,  nine  hundred  and  sixty  officers  and  men.  These 
troops  were  all  encamped  for  eight  days  in  East  Nashville,  on 
the  old  Shelby  estate,  and  assisted  in  all  of  the  features  con- 
nected with  the  inaugural  ceremonies  of  the  Exposition. 

During  the  following   month  of   April,    1897,   the   military 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  41 

department  was  fully  organized,  with  the  following-named 
committee:  Gen.  Charles  Sykes,  adjutant-general,  State  of 
Tennessee,  chief,  Nashville ;  Capt.  Henry  C.  Ward,  United 
States  Army,  secretary,  Nashville;  Capt.  John  Biddle,  United 
States  Army,  Nashville;  Col.  W.  C.  Smith,  First  Regiment, 
N.  G.  S.  T.,  Nashville;  Col.  Kellar  Anderson,  Second  Regi- 
ment, N.  G.  S.  T.,  Memphis;  Lieut.  Col.  R.  T.  Harris,  Second 
Regiment,  N.  G.  S.  T.,  Memphis;  Maj.  R.  W.  Parham,  Second 
Regiment,  N.  G.  S.  T.,  Memphis;  Maj.  K.  C.  Ramage,  First 
Battalion,  N.  G.  S.  T.,  Knoxville;  Maj.  J.  P.  Fyffe,  Second 
Battalion,  N.  G.  S,  T.,  Chattanooga;  First  Lieut.  Charles  Ger- 
hardt,  United  States  Army,  Lebanon;  Col.  W.  L.  Thomas,  Nash- 
ville; Gen.  Jesse  Sparks,  Murfreesboro;  Lieut.  R.  P.  Creighton, 
Nashville;  Mr.  John  W.  Hunter,  Nashville;  Mr.  John  Lang- 
ham,  Nashville;  Col.  R.  B.  Snowdon,  Memphis;  Capt.  L.  B. 
Tyson,  Knoxville;  Col.  T.  K.  Huger,  Knoxville;  Maj.  Richard 
Clark,  quartermaster,  First  Brigade,  N.  G.  S.  T. 

The  director-general  of  the  Exposition  assigned  to  the  mili- 
tary department  some  48  acres  of  ground,  which  were  inclosed 
within  the  Exposition  limits.  This  ground  was  admirably 
adapted  for  military  purposes,  undulating  and  sloping  on  all 
sides,  with  two  streams  of  water  running  directly  through  the 
grounds.  These  streams  were  fed  by  two  springs  within  the 
military  camp.  The  grounds  were  nicely  parked  and  shaded 
with  trees. 

An  estimate  of  the  cost  of  construction  of  the  military  camp 
was  submitted  to  the  director-general,  in  detail.  The  maximum 
cost  was  $9,250.  The  minimum  cost  was  $3,800.  The  camps 
were  regularly  laid  out;  water  pipes  through  the  company 
streets  supplied  filtered  city  water;  three  large  bathing  houses, 
each  containing  twelve  shower  baths,  convenient  for  officers  and 
men,  were  constructed ;  latrines  were  provided  through  the 
camps,  and  ample  electric  light  was  furnished. 

The  United  States  Government  loaned  the  military  depart- 
ment 760  tents,  and  250  tents  were  borrowed  from  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  all  being  floored  and  provided  with  straw  mattresses. 

Copies  of  military  circulars  were  mailed  to  the  governors  and 


42  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

adjutant-generals  of  States,  to  the  principal  officers  and  organ- 
izations of  the  National  Guard  throughout  the  United  States, 
as  well  as  to  the  commanding  officers  of  all  United  States  troops. 
These  circulars  created  a  large  amount  of  correspondence  for 
the  secretary  of  the  military  department,  and  many  of  the  mili- 
tary organizations  sent  representatives  to  Nashville  to  look  over 
the  ground  and  report  as  to  the  advisability  of  their  organiza- 
tions going  to  the  Exposition. 

These  representatives  were  met  and  shown  around  the  camps 
and  the  Exposition  and  entertained  by  the  military  department. 

In  a  few  weeks  after  the  circulars  were  mailed  military  organ- 
izations from  all  over  the  United  States  began  to  make  arrange- 
ments to  come  to  the  Exposition,  by  detachments,  companies, 
battalions,  and  regiments. 

The  camp  was  begun  April  20,  with  First  Lieut.  James  A. 
Maney,  Fifteenth  United  States  Infantry,  as  executive  officer, 
and  Maj.  Richard  Clark,  brigade  quartermaster  of  the  National 
Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  as  quartermaster.  Major  Clark  was 
relieved  July  20,  having  to  return  to  his  business.  Lieutenant 
Maney  remained  on  duty  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition. 

The  following-named  officers  were  appointed  to  look  after  the 
active  business  of  the  department:  Capt.  Henry  C.  Ward,  Six- 
teenth United  'States  Infantry,  officer  in  charge;  First  Lieut. 
James  A.  Maney,  Fifteenth  United  States  Infantry,  executive 
officer;  First  Lieut.  Samuel  Seay,  Fourteenth  United  States 
Infantry,  instructor;  Sergt.  Charles  Crisler,  Sixth  United  States 
Infantry ,  quartermaster-sergeant . 

The  United  States  Army  officers  received  110  compensation 
from  the  Exposition  for  their  services.  Laborers  were  employed 
to  attend  such  work  as  was  actually  necessary.  The  camps  were 
completed  May  20,  and  the  first  troops  that  arrived  were  the 
Kentucky  State  troops  (the  Louisville  Legion),  under  the  com- 
mand of  Col.  John  A.  Castleman. 

The  sanitary  condition  of  the  camps  was  perfect.  The  med- 
ical officers  inspected  the  camps,  streams,  and  surrounding 
grounds  daily.  No  sickness  of  any  account  occurred  during 
the  encampment 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  43 

It  was  intended  to  have  United  States  troops  encamped  on 
the  military  grounds  continuously  from  the  opening  until  the 
close  of  the  Exposition. 

A  battalion  of  the  Sixth  United  States  Infantry,  from  Fort 
Thomas,  Newport,  Ky.,  was  present  during  the  months  of  May 
and  June.  The  battalions  of  the  Fifth  United  States  Infantry 
from  Fort  McPherson,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  were  to  be  present  July 
and  August,  and  a  squadron  of  the  Third  United  States  Cavalry, 
from  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo. ,  was  to  be  present  during  Septem- 
ber and  October.  It  was  found  that  the  battalions  of  the  Fifth 
United  States  Infantry  could  not  be  sent  at  the  time  requested, 
and  the  battalion  of  the  Fourth  United  States  Infantry  from 
Fort  Sheridan,  Chicago,  111.,  was  ordered  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment, in  place  of  the  Fifth.  As  the  transportation  of  this  bat- 
talion would  involve  a  great  deal  of  expense,  which  had  to  be 
paid  by  the  Exposition  management,  it  was  thought  best  not  to 
send  for  it.  The  entire  Fifth  Regiment  of  United  States  Infan- 
try was,  however,  sent  October  26,  to  remain  until  the  close  of 
the  Exposition,  and  did  good  service.  The  conduct  of  the 
United  States  troops  was  excellent  in  every  respect.  The  dis- 
cipline was  perfect.  They  had  modern  camps.  Not  a  soldier 
was  arrested  for  misconduct.  The  encampment  was  a  success. 
Credit  is  due  both  officers  and  men,  all  of  whom  assisted  in 
every  way  in  their  power  to  make  the  military  department  of 
the  Exposition  the  success  it  was. 

The  troops  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  different  States,  and 
especially  those  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  behaved  remarkably 
well.  No  trouble  of  any  account  occurred,  and  the  discipline  of 
the  troops  was  good.  Several  of  the  States — Ohio,  Georgia, 
Virginia,  and  Alabama — had  their  regular  encampments  at  the 
Exposition  instead  of  in  their  States. 

Nearly  every  State  brought  a  United  States  Army  officer  with 
the  State  troops  as  instructor,  adviser,  and  inspector. 

An  excellent  military  mess  was  formed,  so  that  all  the  troops 
could  have  a  mess  already  established  on  the  grounds,  or  bring 
their  own  mess  furniture  and  run  their  own  messes.  Most  of 
the  organizations  of  the  National  Guard  preferred  the  military 


44  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

mess.  The  mess  house,  fixtures,  table  furniture,  etc. ,  were  also 
supplied  by  the  Exposition  company,  and  the  mess  hall  was 
capable  of  feeding  200  soldiers.  The  mess  was  conducted  by 
Mr.  William  Gerst,  of  Nashville,  who  is  entitled  to  credit  from 
the  military  department  for  his  zeal,  efficiency,  and  tact  in 
managing  the  mess  and  giving  excellent  accommodations  at 
reasonable  rates.  At  one  time  1,500  soldiers  were  supplied  with 
food  each  day.  The  prices  charged  were  50  cents  a  day  for 
three  meals,  or  25  cents  a  meal. 

Five  sham  battles  were  given  during  the  Exposition.  Each 
of  these  battles  was  a  drawing  card.  Large  crowds  came  to 
witness  the  maneuvers. 

The  sham,  battles  were  given  for  the  pleasure  and  accommo- 
dation of  the  public,  and-  the  best  was  done  with  the  material 
on  hand  at  the  time  they  were  given.  All  the  sham  battles 
were  not  up  to  the  required  standard  from  a  military  point  of 
view.  However,  they  seemed  to  attract  and  delight  the  people. 

The  dress  parades,  drills,  cavalry  drills,  and  evolutions  of  the 
troops  on  the  militar}7"  plaza  drew  crowds  of  people  and  were 
among  the  features  and  attractions  of  the  Exposition  during 
the  entire  six  months. 

The  railroad  facilities  were  excellent  in  every  respect.  The 
different  railroads  in  the  State  transported  all  the  Tennessee 
State  troops  to  the  Exposition  free.  United  States  troops  were 
also  transported  free,  and  extra  special  rates  were  made  for 
military  organizations  all  over  the  South  and  North.  The 
troops  on  arrival  were  side-tracked  inside  the  Exposition  grounds 
almost  into  their  military  camp.  The  Exposition  management 
unloaded  and  loaded  the  baggage  of  the  arriving  and  departing 
troops  free.  Cars  were  furnished  promptly  and  freely  and  side- 
tracked near  the  camps  to  remove  the  returning  troops  and 
their  baggage  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night. 

The  military  department  furnished  escorts  and  troops  for  all 
the  great  parades  in  the  city;  also  in  the  Exposition  grounds. 
The  governors  of  the  States  and  the  principal  delegations  were 
received,  escorted,  and  paraded  from  their  hotels  to  the  Expo- 
sition grounds  by  the  military  department,  and  many  of  the 


46  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

One  company  from  Charlottee,  N.  C.,  June  12  to  16,  1897;  Captain 
Robertson,  commanding. 

Fourth  Virginia  Volunteers,  June  14  to  18,  1897;  Colonel  Hodges,  com- 
manding; headquarters — field  and  staff,  military  band,  and  eight  companies. 

Company  E,  Third  Virginia  Volunteers,  June  14  to  18,  1897;  Captain 
Scruggs,  commanding. 

Third  Battalion,  Second  Regiment,  Georgia  Volunteers,  June  20  to  27, 
1897;  Lieutenant-Colonel  Huguenin,  commanding;  four  companies. 

Company  M,  First  Regiment,  Illinois  National  Guard,  "  Switzer's 
Indians,"  June  20  to  24,  1897;  Captain  Switzer,  commanding. 

Company  of  Confederate  Veterans,  from  Memphis,  Tenn.,  June  21  to  26, 
1897;  Captain  Carnes,  commanding. 

Company  K,  Second  Regiment,  Virginia  Volunteers,  June  21  to  26,  1897; 
Captain  Kerr,  commanding. 

Company  A,  Third  North  Carolina  Volunteers,  June  21  to  26,  1897; 
Captain  Bessent,  commanding. 

Company  D,  Third  Regiment,  Virginia  Volunteers,  June  22  to  27,  1897; 
Captain  Mallory,  commanding. 

Fifth  Regiment  Georgia  Volunteers,  June  22  to  27,  1897;  Colonel 
Candler,  commanding;  headquarters — field  and  staff,  military  band,  hos- 
pital corps,  and  ten  companies. 

Company  H,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  unattached,  June  26 
to  July  2,  1897;  Captain  Wardlow,  commanding. 

Company  C,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  unattached,  July  4  to 
n,  1897;  Captain  Brown,  commanding. 

Second  Battalion,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  July  18  to  25, 
1897;  Maj.  J.  P.  Fyffe,  commanding;  headquarters — field  and  staff,  mili- 
tary band,  and  six  companies. 

Company  C,  First  Regiment,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  July 
19  to  24,  1897;  Captain  Crawford,  commanding. 

Battery  of  artillery  from  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  24  to  25,  1897;  Lieutenant 
Baker,  commanding. 

Company  D,  First  Regiment,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee, 
August  7  to  16,  1897;  Captain  Gilbrith,  commanding. 

Fourteenth  Ohio  Regiment,  August  8  to  16,  1897;  Colonel  Coit,  com- 
manding; headquarters — field  and  staff,  military  band,  hospital  corps, 
and  ten  companies. 

Companies  A,  B,  E,  F,  G,  H,  and  Battery  A,  First  Regiment,  National 
Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  August  9  to  16,  1897;  Colonel  Smith,  com- 
manding. 

Company  G,  Second  Battalion,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee, 
unattached,  August  10  to  17,  1897;  Captain  Cole,  commanding. 

Company  I,  Second  Regiment,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee, 
August  20  to  25,  1897;  Captain  Walker,  commanding. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  47 

Company  B,  First  Indiana  Infantry,  August  22  to  29,  1897;  Captain 
Bigler,  commanding. 

Company  D,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  unattached,  Septem- 
ber 2  to  n,  1897;  Captain  Weeks,  commanding. 

First  Battalion,  First  Regiment,  Alabama  National  Guard,  September 
6  to  9,  1897;  Major  McMullen,  commanding;  four  companies. 

First  Ohio  Light  Artillery,  September  10  to  16,  1897;  Colonel  Brush, 
commanding;  headquarters — field  and  staff,  military  band,  signal  corps, 
hospital  corps,  and  eight  batteries. 

Belshazzar  Band  from  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  September  22  to  23,  1897. 

Virginia  Military  Institute  Cadets,  October  16  to  22,  1897;  Brig.  Gen. 
Scott  Shipp,  commanding;  four  companies  and  military  band. 

Neeley  Zouaves,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  September  14  to 
17,  1897;  Captain  Defree,  commanding. 

Company  A,  Confederate  Veterans,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee, 
September  14  to  17,  1897,  Captain  Carries,  commanding. 

Clan-Na-Gael  Guards  from  Chicago,  September  19  to  23,  1897;  Major 
Riley,  commanding. 

Company  B,  Confederate  Veterans,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee, 
September  20  to  22,  1897;  Captain  Cockrill,  commanding. 

Second  Battalion  Infantry,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  Septem- 
ber 20  to  22,  1897;  Maj.  J.  P.  Fyffe,  commanding;  headquarters — field  and 
staff  and  four  companies. 

First  Regiment  Infantry,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  Septem- 
ber 20  to  22,  1897;  Colonel  Smith,  commanding;  headquarters — field  and 
staff,  military  band,  and  six  companies. 

Battery  A,  artillery,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  September  20 
to  22,  1897;  Captain  Cummings,  commanding. 

Troop  A,  cavalry,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee,  September  20  to 
22,  1897;  Captain  Huger,  commanding. 

Putnam  Phalanx,  Hartford,  Conn.,  October  12  to  13,  1897;  Major  Bick- 
ford,  commanding;  headquarters — field  and  staff,  military  band,  and  four 
companies. 

Company  B,  Confederate  Veterans,  National  Guard,  State  of  Tennessee, 
October  28  to  29,  1897;  Capt.  Mark  Cockrill,  commanding. 

COST  OF  THE   EXHIBIT. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  expenditures  made  by  the 
War  Department  on  account  of  its  exhibit  at  the  Exposition: 

Services $1,244.22 

Travel 952-  74 

Freight    32°-  39 

Cartage 20.  83 


48  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Expressage $7.  75 

Lumber  and  millwork 10.  49 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 88.  60 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc 47.  85 

Supplies  and  preparators'  material 669.  78 

Packing  material 56.  80 

Apparatus,  specimens,  etc 274.  68 

Office  expenses 91.  27 

Total 3,  785.  40 

HENRY  C.  WARD, 
Captain,  Sixteenth  Infantry,  U.  S.  A., 

Representative,  War  Department. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  16. 


\ 


D 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 


It  was  the  endeavor  of  the  representative  to  make  the  exhibit 
of  the  Navy  Department  at  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion illustrative  of  the  present  status  of  the  Navy,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  make  it  of  the  highest  educational  value  possible. 
To  do  this  prominence  was  given  to  the  exhibits  of  the  Bureaus 
of  Construction  and  Repair,  Ordnance,  Equipment,  and  Steam 
Engineering,  while  other  bureaus  received  little  or  no  atten- 
tion. Nothing  was  shown  on  account  of  its  historical  value 
only,  the  few  old  articles  exhibited  being  intended  to  accentuate 
the  modern  improved  implements  of  naval  equipment. 

The  floor  space  occupied  by  the  naval  exhibit  was  rectangular 
in  shape,  being  19  by  134  feet,  and  in  addition  to  this  a  central 
space  14  feet  in  diameter  under  the  dome  of  the  building  was 
occupied.  The  exhibit  of  the  Naval  Museum  of  Hygiene 
was  displayed  in  a  rectangular  space  12  by  16  feet  in  the  educa- 
tional building. 

The  following  is  a  catalogue  list  of  the  exhibits : 

BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR. 

Full-size  model  of  military  mast  of  U.  S.  S.  Helena  in  rotunda. 

Model  of  U.  S.  coast  line  battle  ship  Massachusetts. 

Model  of  U.  S.  coast-defense  monitor  Miantonomah. 

Model  of  U.  S.  coast-defense  monitor  Monterey. 

Model  of  U.  S.  armored  cruiser  Maine. 

Model  of  U.  S.  armored  cruiser  New  York. 

Model  of  U.  S.  second-class  battle  ship  Texas. 

Model  of  U.  S.  protected  cruiser  Baltimore. 

Model  of  U.  S.  protected  cruiser  Columbia. 

Model  of  U.S.  protected  cruiser  Newark. 

Model  of  U.  S.  protected  cruiser  Charleston. 

H.  Doc.  515 4  49 


50  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Model  of  U.  S.  partially  protected  cruiser  Atlanta. 
Model  of  U.  S.  gunboat  Petrel. 
Model  of  U.  S.  gunboat  Yorktown. 
Model  of  U.  S.  gunboat  Helena. 
Model  of  U .  S.  gunboat  Bancroft. 
Model  of  U.  S.  gunboat  Nashville. 
Model  of  U.  S.  harbor-defense  ram  Katahdin. 
Model  of  U.  S.  dynamite-gun  vessel  Vesuvius. 
Model  of  U.  S.  steam  corvette  Kearsarge. 
Half  model  of  U.  S.  S.  Independence. 
Half  model  of  U.  S.  S.  Ohio. 
•  Model  of  Hichborn  turret  (metal). 
Samples  of  corn  and  cocoa  cellulose. 
Diving  suit  and  accessories. 
Franklin  life  buoy. 

BUREAU  OF  EQUIPMENT. 

Case  containing  samples  of  rope  made  at  Government  ropewa1^  Boston, 
Mass. 

Standard  compass  with  stand. 

Models  of  service  and  patent  anchors. 

Model  of  i4,ooo-pound  anchor  (full  size). 

Two  and  one-half  inch  chain  cable,  with  shackle  and  club  link. 

Navigating  sextant. 

Navigating  octant. 

Fiske's  stadimeter. 

Ship's  telescope. 

Officer  of  the  deck's  telescope. 

Clinometer. 

Standard  metallic  thermometer. 

Ship's  clock. 

Aneroid  barometer. 

Psychrometer  and  case. 

General-service  signals. 

International  signals. 

,  BUREAU  OF  NAVIGATION,  HYDROGRAPHIC  OFFICE. 

Model  of  Caribbean  Sea. 
Engraved  plate  of  chart  No.  1290. 

Framed  diagram  showing  West  India  hurricane  and  law  of  storms. 
Framed  diagram  showing  local  weather  signals. 
Nagasaka,  Japan,  and  Shanghai,  China. 

Framed  diagram  showing  drift  of  derelicts.      (W.  Iv.  White  and  Fred 
B.  Taylor. ) 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  17. 


•  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  51 

Framed  weather  charts  for  March  u,  12,  and  13,  1897. 

Framed  Hydrographic  Office  chart  No.  1341. 

Portfolio  of  specimens  of  Hydrographic  Office  charts. 

Framed  pilot  chart  of  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  showing  drift  of  raft  logs. 

Framed  pilot  chart  of  North  Pacific  Ocean. 

Framed  Hydrographic  Office  chart  No.  1310. 

BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Five-inch  rapid-firing  gun  on  pedestal  mount,  Fletcher  mechanism, 
telescopic  sights. 

Six-pounder  Hotchkiss. 

Six-pounder  Driggs-Schroder. 

Two  i-pounder  Hotchkiss. 

Thirty-seven  millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon. 

Three-inch  field  gun,  on  carriage. 

Six-millimeter  Colts  automatic  rifle,  on  stand. 

Half  section  model  (full  size)  of  13-inch  breech -loading  rifle,  showing 
the  various  component  parts  and  method  of  locking;  also  painting  show- 
ing penetration  of  shell. 

Case  containing  6-millimeter  rifles,  showing  sections  through  breech 
mechanism. 

Six-millimeter  (236  caliber)  new  navy  rifle,  with  equipment  complete. 

Case  of  assorted  rifles  and  carbines  (old)  and  two  Colt's  revolvers. 

Mortar  captured  at  Yorktown. 

Mortar  made  in  Philadelphia,  1793. 

Spanish  gun  made  in  1490,  and  brought  over  by  Cortez. 

Mexican  gun,  1847. 

Boat  swivel  made  at  navy-yard,  Washington,  1858. 

Four  trophy  mortars. 

Ten-inch  breech  plug  complete. 

Mushroom  for  6-inch  breech  plug  fitted  with  pressure  gauges. 

Six-inch  common  shell. 

Eight-inch  common  shell. 

Ten-inch  common  shell. 

Twelve-inch  common  shell. 

Thirteen-inch  common  shell. 

Ten-inch  armor-piercing  shell. 

Fifteen-inch  S.  B.  shell,  becketed. 

Shells  which  have  pierced  armor,  showing  more  or  less  distortion: 
Twelve-inch  armor-piercing  Wheeler  sterling. 
Twelve-inch  armor-piercing  Wheeler  sterling. 
Thirteen-inch  armor-piercing  Wheeler  sterling. 
Thirteen-inch  armor-piercing  Midvale  sterling. 
Ten-inch  armor-piercing  Midvale  sterling. 


52  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Shells  which  have  pierced  armor,  etc. — Continued. 

Ten-inch  armor-piercing  Midvale  sterling. 

Eight-inch  armor-piercing  U.  S.  R.  S. 

Eight-inch  armor-piercing  U.  S.  R.  S. 

Six-pounder  U.  S.  P.  Co. 

Six -inch  armor-piercing  Carpenter. 

Six-inch  armor-piercing  Carpenter. 

Five-inch  armor-piercing  Carpenter. 

Four-inch  armor-piercing  Carpenter. 

Model  charge  and  powder  tank  for  13-inch  breech-loading  rifle. 
Model  charge  and  powder  tank  for  6-inch  breech-loading  rifle. 
Five-inch  cartridge  case  and  shell. 
Five-inch  drill  cartridge. 
Five-inch  ammunition  box. 
Six-pounder  cartridge  case  and  shell. 
Six-pounder  ammunition  box. 
One-pounder  cartridge  case  and  shell. 
One-pounder  ammunition  box. 

Board  containing  samples  of  primers,  fuses,  and  powders. 
Whitehead  torpedo  tube  and  mount  (broadside  lower  deck). 
Whitehead  torpedo. 
Howell  torpedo. 
Torpedo  director. 
Two  Colt's  revolvers. 
Sample  recoil  1 3-inch  breech-loading  rifle. 

BUREAU  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Section  of  crank  shaft  of  Maine. 

Propeller  blade  of  Maine. 

Engine  of  steam  launch  with  propeller. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Water  color  of  U.  S.  S.  Nashville. 
Four  cabinets  containing  photographs. 

Thirty-eight  photographs,  22  by  28  inches,  of  United  States  men-of-war. 
Framed  drawing  of  the  engines  of  the  U.  S.  S.  New  York. 
Framed  drawing  showing  interior  spaces  of  the  U.  S.  S.  New  York. 
Loaned  by  Harper  Brothers,  of  New  York  City. 

Painting  Chase  of  the  President,  by  C.  T.  Chapman, 
^aintings  loaned  by  Carlton  T.  Chapman,  of  New  York  City,  as  follows: 

Building  of  the  Maine. 

The  Boatswain  Discourses  on  the  War. 

The  Essex  Captures  the  Alert. 

Captain  Porter  Going  on  Board  the  Rssex. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  18. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  53 

Paintings  loaned  by  Carlton  T.  Chapman,  etc.— Continued. 

Young  Midshipman  Discovers  an  Enemy  in  the  Fog. 

The  Essex  Cutting  Out  a  Bark. 

Drawings  showing  relative  sizes  of  the  navies  of  the  world. 
Engraving  of  U.  S.  S.  Constitution  under  full  sail. 

MUSEUM  OF  HYGIENE. 
Model  of  crematory. 

Alaskan  Indian  casket  for  ashes  of  the  dead. 
Model  of  Parsee  Tower  of  Silence. 
Disinfecting  chamber. 
Patent  asphyxiator. 
Ambulance  cot,  Gihon. 
Ambulance  cot,  Gorgas. 
Ambulance  cot,  Wells. 
Bacteriological  case  and  outfit. 
Navy  portable  operating  table. 
Sick-bay  cot,  United  States  Navy. 
Charred  plank,  boxing  around  steam  pipe. 
Lead  pipe,  rat-gnawed. 
Strap,  terra  cotta. 
Tin  pipe,  corroded. 
Lead  pipe,  corroded  externally. 
Lead  pipe,  action  of  frost. 
Tin  pipe,  action  of  sewer  gas. 
Galvanized  iron  pipe,  corroded. 
Galvanized  iron  pipe,  action  of  cold  water. 
"P  siphon  trap,  defective  plumbing. 
Model  Burham  trap,  terra  cotta. 
Bath  and  lavatory  connections,  defectiv  *. 
Sample  of  arsenical  wall  papers. 
Model  of  water-closet,  terra  cotta. 
Houghton's  S  trap,  terra  cotta. 
Houghton's  V  trap,  section,  terra  cotta. 
Bad  connection  lead  to  iron  waste  pipe. 
Section  of  old  D  trap,  corrosion  and  deposit. 
Vertical  soil  pipe,  4-inch,  marked  deposit. 
Lead  sewer  pipe,  corrosion. 

Lead  pipe  and  traps  from  Post-Office  Department,  various  defects. 
Iron  pipe  from  heater,  marked  deposit. 
Lead  pipe  from  under  bath  tub,  bad  plumbing. 
Piece  of  water-supply  pipe,  iron,  corrosion  and  deposit. 
Lead  cold-water  pipe,  bad  plumbing. 
Lead  waste  pipe. 
Defective  waste  pipe,  wrapped  with  rags,  etc. 


54  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Old  lead  waste  pipe,  broken  in  forcing  through  wall. 

Split  in  water  main. 

Waste-water  pipe,  perforated  for  dripping. 

Lead  dripping,  deficient  calking  before  running  metal. 

Lead  water-supply  pipe,  rat  gnawed. 

Waste-water  pipe,  rag  and  putty  patched,  and  rat  gnawed. 

Old  lead  trap,  hidden  openings  and  deposit. 

Double  Y  broke  off  and  set  in  end  of  soil  pipe. 

Water-supply  pipe,  rat  gnawed. 

Water-supply  pipe  from  U.  S.  T.  S.  Richmond,  rat  gnawed. 

Lead  pipe,  defective  joint  (two  specimens). 

Piece  of  wash  pipe,  rat  gnawed. 

Water  pipe  obstructed  by  eel. 

Hammer-stretched  water  pipe. 

Lead  flange  screwed  to  iron  drip  pipe,  leaky. 

Drain  and  overflow  pipe,  defective  arrangement. 

Bath-tub  drain  and  overflow  pipe,  defective  arrangement. 

Defective  trap,  too  shallow  to  make  perfect  seal. 

Un ventilated  trap,  leaky  joint. 

S  trap,  cork  used  to  close  vent  in  top  of  trap. 

Knd  of  4-inch  T  of  sewer  pipe  closed  with  wooden  plug. 

Discharge  pipe,  flattening  and  openings. 

Lead  pipe  bored  by  ants. 

Bottle  trap  extensively  rat  gnawed. 

Earthen  sewer  trap,  occluded  by  roots. 

Lead  drain  pipe,  occluded  by  pins,  matches,  etc. 

Earthen  sewer  pipe  occluded  by  roots. 

Bath-tub  waste  pipe,  gnawed  by  rats. 

Brass  soil  pipe,  nickel  plated,  United  States  Capitol. 

Soil  pipe,  defective  putty  joint,  United  States  Capitol. 

Steel  drain  pipe.  United  States  Capitol. 

Brass  soil  pipe,  United  States  Capitol. 

Corroded  and  broken  soil  pipe,  United  States  Capitol. 

Wall  pieces  illustrating  good  and  bad  plumbing. 

Perfect  plumbing  (four  specimens). 

Perfect  bend  and  badly  dent  elbow  joints  (two  specimens). 

Traps  in  section  (nine  specimens). 

Defective  bath  and  basin  connections  in  sections  (two  specimens). 

Samples  of  blank  forms,  Medical  Department,  United  States  Navy. 

The  full-size  model  of  the  military  mast  of  the  U.  S.  S.  Helena 
was  erected  in  the  space  under  the  dome  of  the  building.  On 
the  forward  side  of  the  mast  was  mounted  a  ship's  bell  on  which 
was  struck  the  time,  as  on  shipboard,  and  arrangements  were 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  19. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  55 

made  with  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  to  furnish 
the  Observatory  time  at  seventy-fifth  meridian  noon  (i  i  o'clock), 
and  the  bell  was  struck  on  exact  time.  The  mast  carried  a, 
model  searchlight  and  four  i -pounder  rapid-firing  guns.  The 
lower  top  was  utilized  as  an  office. 

A  handsome  table  and  show  case  were  purchased,  in  which 
was  displayed  the  silver  service,  afterwards  presented  to  the 
U.  S.  S.  Nashville  by  the  citizens  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 

The  half -section  model  of  the  1 3-inch  gun  proved  very  in- 
structive. This  was  made  in  the  navy-yard  at  an  expense  of 
$500. 

The  6-millimeter  rifle  was  mounted  on  a  specially-designed 
table,  resting  on  two  standards.  On  the  table  were  placed 
wooden  blocks  showing  penetration  at  10  feet;  also  half -inch, 
three-eighths  inch,  and  one-fourth  inch  iron  plates  showing 
penetration  at  10  feet,  100  feet,  and  300  feet,  respectively. 

The  employees  of  the  Department  in  connection  with  the 
exhibit  consisted  of  a  special  agent  and  four  men.  Additional 
men  were  employed  during  the  periods  of  installation  and 
repacking. 

On  December  10,  1897,  I  received  orders  detaching  me  from 
further  duty  in  connection  with  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Ex- 
position, and  directing  me  to  turn  over  all  unfinished  business 
to  Lieut.  Commander  James  D.  Adams,  U.  S.  N. 

The  expenditures  on  account  of  the  naval  exhibit  up  to  the 
date  of  my  detachment,  as  above  given,  were  as  follows,  but 
slight  further  expenditures  being  necessary,  if  at  all: 

Services $2,  385.  66 

Special  or  contract  services i,  680.  04 

Travel i,  412.  82 

Subsistence 743.  60 

Freight 650.  51 

Cartage 14.  95 

Expressage 85.  16 

Exhibition  cases,  frames,  models,  drawings 179.  60 

Lumber  and  millwork i  r 8.  77 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 76.  44 

Glass,  paint,  brushes,  etc 29.  05 

Supplies  and  preparator's  material 98.  47 


56     i  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Packing  material $45.  88 

Apparatus  and  specimens 388.  86 

Decorations,  partitions,  etc 14.  67 

Miscellaneous  and  office  expenses 53-74 


Total 7,  978.  22 

C.   M.   McCORMICK, 

Lieittcnant,  U.  S.  N., 
Representative,  Navy  Department. 

The  above  statement  of  expenditures  on  account  of  the 
exhibit  of  the  Navy  Department  has  been  revised,  and  includes 
all  disbursements  made  since  the  detachment  of  Lieut.  C.  M. 
McCormick  as  representative. 

E.  M.  STKDMAN, 
Lieutenant- Commander,  U.  S.  N., 

Representative,  Navy  Department 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposiiion. 


PLATE  20. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  21. 


REPORT   OF  THE   REPRESENTATIVE   OF  THE  POST- 
OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 


The  exhibit  of  the  Post-Office  Department  at  the  Tennessee 
Centennial  Exposition  of  the  postal  service  past  and  present, 
under  act  of  Congress  approved  December  22,  1896,  for  the 
purpose  of  representing  ' '  such  articles  and  materials  as  illustrate 
the  functions  and  administrative  faculty  of  the  Government  in 
time  of  peace,  *  *  *  tending  to  demonstrate  the  nature  of 
our  institutions  and  their  adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the  peo- 
ple ' '  was  made  in  conformity  with  the  intention  of  the  law.  As 
the  representative  of  the  Post-Office  Department  on  the  board  of 
management,  the  Postmaster- General  designated  the  Hon.  Kerr 
Craige,  Third  Assistant  Postmaster- General,  who  had  most 
efficiently  represented  it  at  the  Atlanta  Exposition.  Upon  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Craige  in  March,  1897,  due  to  his  voluntary 
withdrawal  from  the  public  service,  Mr.  John  B.  Brownlow, 
of  the  office  of  the  Second  Assistant  Postmaster-General,  was 
appointed  his  successor. 

The  representative,  upon  investigation,  found  his  allotment  of 
space  '1,900  feet  out  of  a  total  of  40,000)  inadequate  to  make 
a  full  display  of  the  material  available,  and  the  fund  of  $4,000" 
(only  4  per  cent  of  the  appropriation)  which  had  been  allotted 
his  Department  insufficient  to  property  display  and  maintain 
more  than  two- thirds  of  the  material  at  hand,  even  though  the 
space  were  available,  and  in  consequence  many  articles  which 
would  have  been  of  great  interest  were,  of  necessity,  omitted 
from  the  display. 

Further  investigation  revealed  the  fact  that  several  of  the 
show  cases  were  in  such  a  condition  as  to  be  unfit  for  shipment 

1  Original  allotment. 

57 


58  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

and  this  necessitated  the  purchase  of  new  cases.  As  much  as 
could  be  spared  was  expended  for  this  purpose  and  the  appear- 
ance of  the  exhibit  much  improved.  These  cases,  bought  to 
replace  the  old  and  worthless  ones,  were  of  the  knock-down 
pattern  and  were  purchased  after  the  submission  of  competitive 
bids,  the  contract  being  awarded  to  the  lowest  bidder  and 
competition  having  been  previously  invited  from  all  available 
sources. 

In  March  the  work  of  collecting,  preparing,  and  packing  the 
material  for  the  exhibit  was  begun,  and  the  work  was  completed 
and  shipment  made  on  April  15. 

Messrs.  Stanley  I.  Slack  and  W.  G.  Brownlow  left  Washing- 
ton for  Nashville  on  April  17,  for  the  purpose  of  unpacking  the 
material  and  placing  the  cases  in  position.  A  few  days  later 
the  representative  arrived  and  began  the  installation,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Slack,  curator  of  the  Postal  Museum,  to  whose 
ingenuity,  experience,  and  skill  much  of  the  success  attained 
is  due. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Department  was  made,  not  as  the  display 
of  a  museum,  but  as  an  exhibition  of  articles  illustrative  of  the 
methods  and  administrative  faculty  of  the  postal  service  in 
times  past  and  present,  of  this  and  foreign  countries.  The 
exhibit  occupied  the  entire  amount  of  space  allotted  to  the 
Department,  including  all  the  contiguous  wall  space.  One 
section  was  occupied  by  a  model  working  post-office,  a  sub- 
station of  the  Nashville  office,  under  the  supervision  of  that 
city's  efficient  postmaster,  Mr.  H.  J.  Cheney,  and  was  interest- 
ing not  only  as  such,  but  performed  valuable  service  in  the 
collection  and  distribution  of  the  mails  and  proved  to  be  a  great 
convenience  not  only  to  the  Exposition  officials  and  exhibitors, 
but  to  thousands  of  visitors. 

A  description  of  the  material  exhibited  can  best  be  given  by 
its  classification  under  the  various  divisions,  as  follows : 

The  stamp  division  displayed  the  following : 

A  complete  series  of  United  States  postage  stamps  from  their 
introduction  in  1847,  including  the  departmental,  special  deliv- 
ery, postage  due,  and  newspaper  and  periodical  stamps. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  59 

Complete  sets  of  stamped  envelopes  from  their  introduction 
in  1853  to  1893. 

Sets  of  foreign  stamps,  stamped  envelopes,  and  postal  cards 
from  all  stamp-issuing  countries  of  the  world. 

A  collection  of  entire  sheets  of  postage  stamps  before  being 
gummed,  perforated,  or  cut,  showing  the  process  of  manufacture. 

The  equipment  division  was  represented  by  models  of  uni- 
formed mail  carriers  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries, 
fully  equipped  with  the  insignia  of  the  service  of  their  respective 
governments. 

A  model  of  an  Indian  mail  runner,  with  toboggan,  drawn  by 
three  dogs  hitched  tandem,  a  method  of  carrying  the  mails  that 
is  sometimes  resorted  to  in  the  northern  frontier  States  during 
midwinter. 

A  model  of  a  United  States  postal  car,  completely  furnished, 
one-sixth  the  size  of  a  sixty-foot  car  and  containing  in  miniature 
every  detail  of  the  equipment  of  such  a  car. 

A  model  of  a  German  mail  coach,  illustrative  of  the  rural 
service  as  it  now  exists  in  that  country. 

A  complete  collection  of  United  States  mail  bags  and  pouches. 

A  collection  of  foreign  mail  bags  and  pouches. 

A  collection  of  postmarking  stamps  and  locks  in  use  in  the 
United  States  from  1800  to  the  present  time,  showing  the 
improvement  in  this  branch  of  the  service. 

A  collection  of  mail  carriers'  uniforms  in  use  in  the  principal 
countries  of  the  world. 

A  large  collection  of  foreign  equipment,  including  postmark- 
ing stamps,  letter  scales,  etc. 

Pictures  and  photographs  of  vehicles  employed  in  foreign 
countries  in  the  transportation  of  the  mails. 

The  Dead-Letter  Division  exhibited  a  variety  of  misdirected 
letters  which  had  passed  through  the  Dead- Better  Office  and 
been  eventually  delivered  to  the  persons  for  whom  they  were 
intended.  The  collection  fully  illustrated  the  various  steps 
taken  by  the  Dead-Letter  Office  before  the  persons  for  whom 
the  letters  were  intended  could  be  located.  It  was  instructive 
in  pointing  out  some  of  the  common  errors  which  cause  the 
failure  of  prompt  delivery. 


58  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

and  this  necessitated  the  purchase  of  new  cases.  As  much  as 
could  be  spared  was  expended  for  this  purpose  and  the  appear- 
ance of  the  exhibit  much  improved.  These  cases,  bought  to 
replace  the  old  and  worthless  ones,  were  of  the  knock-down 
pattern  and  were  purchased  after  the  submission  of  competitive 
bids,  the  contract  being  awarded  to  the  lowest  bidder  and 
competition  having  been  previously  invited  from  all  available 
sources. 

In  March  the  work  of  collecting,  preparing,  and  packing  the 
material  for  the  exhibit  was  begun,  and  the  work  was  completed 
and  shipment  made  on  April  15. 

Messrs.  Stanley  I.  Slack  and  W.  G.  Brownlow  left  Washing- 
ton for  Nashville  on  April  17,  for  the  purpose  of  unpacking  the 
material  and  placing  the  cases  in  position.  A  few  days  later 
the  representative  arrived  and  began  the  installation,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Slack,  curator  of  the  Postal  Museum,  to  whose 
ingenuity,  experience,  and  skill  much  of  the  success  attained 
is  due. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Department  was  made,  not  as  the  display 
of  a  museum,  but  as  an  exhibition  of  articles  illustrative  of  the 
methods  and  administrative  faculty  of  the  postal  service  in 
times  past  and  present,  of  this  and  foreign  countries.  The 
exhibit  occupied  the  entire  amount  of  space  allotted  to  the 
Department,  including  all  the  contiguous  wall  space.  One 
section  was  occupied  by  a  model  working  post-office,  a  sub- 
station of  the  Nashville  office,  under  the  supervision  of  that 
city's  efficient  postmaster,  Mr.  H.  J.  Cheney,  and  was  interest- 
ing not  only  as  such,  but  performed  valuable  service  in  the 
collection  and  distribution  of  the  mails  and  proved  to  be  a  great 
convenience  not  only  to  the  Exposition  officials  and  exhibitors, 
but  to  thousands  of  visitors. 

A  description  of  the  material  exhibited  can  best  be  given  by 
its  classification  under  the  various  divisions,  as  follows : 

The  stamp  division  displayed  the  following : 

A  complete  series  of  United  States  postage  stamps  from  their 
introduction  in  1847,  including  the  departmental,  special  deliv- 
ery, postage  due,  and  newspaper  and  periodical  stamps. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  59 

Complete  sets  of  stamped  envelopes  from  their  introduction 
in  1853  to  1893. 

Sets  of  foreign  stamps,  stamped  envelopes,  and  postal  cards 
from  all  stamp-issuing  countries  of  the  world. 

A  collection  of  entire  sheets  of  postage  stamps  before  being 
gummed,  perforated,  or  cut,  showing  the  process  of  manufacture. 

The  equipment  division  was  represented  by  models  of  uni- 
formed mail  carriers  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries, 
fully  equipped  with  the  insignia  of  the  service  of  their  respective 
governments. 

A  model  of  an  Indian  mail  runner,  with  toboggan,  drawn  by 
three  dogs  hitched  tandem,  a  method  of  carrying  the  mails  that 
is  sometimes  resorted  to  in  the  northern  frontier  States  during 
midwinter. 

A  model  of  a  United  States  postal  car,  completely  furnished, 
one-sixth  the  size  of  a  sixty-foot  car  and  containing  in  miniature 
every  detail  of  the  equipment  of  such  a  car. 

A  model  of  a  German  mail  coach,  illustrative  of  the  rural 
service  as  it  now  exists  in  that  country. 

A  complete  collection  of  United  States  mail  bags  and  pouches. 

A  collection  of  foreign  mail  bags  and  pouches. 

A  collection  of  postmarking  stamps  and  locks  in  use  in  the 
United  States  from  1800  to  the  present  time,  showing  the 
improvement  in  this  branch  of  the  service. 

A  collection  of  mail  carriers'  uniforms  in  use  in  the  principal 
countries  of  the  world. 

A  large  collection  of  foreign  equipment,  including  postmark- 
ing stamps,  letter  scales,  etc. 

Pictures  and  photographs  of  vehicles  employed  in  foreign 
countries  in  the  transportation  of  the  mails. 

The  Dead-Letter  Division  exhibited  a  variety  of  misdirected 
letters  which  had  passed  through  the  Dead- Letter  Office  and 
been  eventually  delivered  to  the  persons  for  whom  they  were 
intended.  The  collection  fully  illustrated  the  various  steps 
taken  by  the  Dead-Letter  Office  before  the  persons  for  whom 
the  letters  were  intended  could  be  located.  It  was  instructive 
in  pointing  out  some  of  the  common  errors  which  cause  the 
failure  of  prompt  delivery. 


60  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

A  large  collection  of  articles  which  had  found  their  way  to 
the  Dead-Letter  Office,  showing  the  variety  of  matter  that 
passes  through  the  mails.  In  this  exhibit  were  included  paint- 
ings, photographs,  agricultural  implements,  kitchen  utensils, 
Indian  relics,  wrearing  apparel,  jewelry,  trinkets  of  every  descrip- 
tion, books,  papers,  etc. 

The  Division  of  Mail  Depredations  exhibited  a  variety  of  arti- 
cles which  had  been  confiscated  because  prohibited  from  trans- 
mission through  the  mails  by  the  postal  laws,  among  wrhich 
were  deadly  weapons,  an  explosive  bomb,  poisonous  reptiles 
and  insects,  poisonous  liquids  and  compounds,  opium,  and  other 
articles  of  like  character. 

There  were  also  exhibited  several  old  mail  bags  which  had 
been  cut  open  and  robbed,  illustrating  some  of  the  dangers 
attending  the  transportation  of  the  mails;  as  well  as  a  number 
of  pictures  showing  the  ' '  holding  up  "  of  mail  coaches  by  road 
agents. 

The  Division  of  History,  Records,  and  Statistics  displayed  a 
collection  of  old  letters  that  had  passed  through  the  mails  when 
postage  was  paid  in  money. 

An  exhibit  of  articles  showing  to  some  extent  the  manner  of 
transacting  postal  business  by  foreign  administrations,  contrib- 
uted by  some  of  the  countries  constituting  the  Universal  Postal 
Union. 

The  growth  of  the  postal  service  was  illustrated  by  a  display 
of  five  old  ledgers  kept  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  by  the 
Postmaster-General,  embodying  the  accounts  of  about  seventy- 
five  postmasters — all  there  were  at  that  time — in  contrast  with 
a  conspicuous  statistical  chart,  showing  the  magnitude  of  the 
service  at  the  present  day. 

The  Post-Office  ledger,  in  his  own  handwriting,  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  the  first  Postmaster- General  of  the  American  colonies. 

A  report  of  a  committee  of  the  United  States  Senate,  January 
20,  1829,  on  the  transportation  of  the  mails  on  Sunday. 

A  history  of  the  travels  of  a  registered  letter  in  this  and  other 
countries. 

Framed  statistics  of  the  postal  service  of  the  United  States. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  6* 

The  magnitude  of  the  postal  service  of  the  United  States  as 
compared  with  France,  Germany,  and  Great  Britain. 

Portraits  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  first,  and  James  A.  Gary, 
the  present  Postmaster- General. 

Portraits  of  the  four  Postmasters- General  from  Tennessee,  as 
follows:  Cave  Johnson,  under  President  Polk;  Aaron  V.  Brown, 
under  President  Buchanan;  David  M.  Key  and  Horace  Maynard, 
under  President  Hayes. 

There  were  also  exhibited  many  pictures  of  the  post-ofHces  in 
the  large  cities,  and  in  some  instances  the  crude  frame  post- 
offices  of  fifty  years  ago  were  contrasted  with  the  magnificent 
granite  buildings  which  ornament  our  cities  to-day. 

Pictures  of  foreign  post-offices. 

On  the  day  after  the  closing  of  the  Exposition  the  work  of 
packing  was  begun,  and  by  November  u  the  material  was 
shipped,  arriving  in  Washington  the  22d,  when  the  work  of 
reinstallation  in  the  Museum  was  begun  and  completed  Decem- 
ber 15. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  expenditures  made  in 
connection  with  the  exhibit: 

Services,  temporary $295.  oo 

Services,  an  assistant 850.  oo 

Travel 282.  65 

Subsistence 955.  41 

Freight 127.  37 

Expressage 36.  oo 

Exhibition  cases 608.  80 

Lumber  and  mill  work 76.  99 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 82.  02 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc 19.  71 

Supplies  and  preparators'  material 95-  89 

Packing  material 28.  56 

Apparatus,  specimens,  etc 248.  92 

Decorations,  partitions,  etc 50.  75 

Office  expenses 43-94 

Total 3,  802.  01 

The  exhibit  of  the  Post-Office  Department  attracted  much 
attention ;  among  the  articles  which  were  most  interesting  to  the 
public  were  the  transportation  models  and  the  stamp  and  dead- 


62  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

letter  collections.  The  representative  would  respectfully  sug- 
gest that  it  is  unfortunate  that  the  Postal  Museum  has  so  far 
failed  in  having  any  appropriation  from  Congress  to  improve  and 
add  to  its  already  most  interesting  collection.  It  now  contains 
much  material  which  is  of  great  interest  to  the  public  and  of 
great  value  to  the  officials  of  the  postal  service. 

This  museum  is  one  of  the  four  postal  museums  of  the  world, 
the  others  being  in  Berlin,  Paris,  and  Berne.  Those  of  the  latter 
cities  are  substantially  added  to  each  year,  and  it  is  a  matter  of 
regret  that  no  provision  has  been  made  to  enable  ours,  located  as 
it  is  in  the  leading  postal  country  of  the  world,  both  in  quantity 
of  mail  matter  handled  and  in  the  efficiency  of  the  service, — to 
secure  material  which  would  be  of  great  value,  not  only  for 
reference  by  the  postal  authorities,  but  of  great  educational 
benefit  to  the  people. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Congress  may  deem  it  worthy  of  sub- 
stantial aid  at  no  very  distant  date. 

JOHN  B.  BROWNLOW, 
Representative,  Post -Office  Department. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  22. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE 
DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 


The  exhibits  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  occupied  a 
space  near  the  center  of  the  Government  building,  with  facings 
on  the  two  main  aisles,  and  adjacent  to  the  displays  of  the  War 
Department  and  the  Department  of  Justice.  The  area  assigned 
to  it  measured,  approximately,  4,560  square  feet  of  floor  space, 
and  was  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  80  by  48  feet,  with  an  L 
measuring  30  by  26  feet,  in  addition,  at  one  side.  In  the  main 
space  were  the  areas  given  to  the  Geological  Survey,  the  Patent 
Office,  and  the  Bureau  of  Indian  Affairs.  The  L  was  occupied 
by  the  Bureau  of  Education.  No  other  Bureau  of  the  Depart- 
ment was  represented.  On  the  wall  side  the  space  was  lighted 
by  five  large  windows,  one  of  which  was  partially  covered, 
while  the  other  four  served  for  the  exhibition  of  the  thirty-two 
large  transparencies  of  the  Geological  Survey. 

The  work  of  installing  the  exhibits  began  about  the  middle 
of  April,  and  was  completed  by  May  15.  The  collections  of 
the  Geological  Survey  were  installed  under  my  personal  super- 
vision, with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Charles  Schuchert  and  Mr. 
W.  J.  Yaste.  Mr.  J.  T.  Newton,  assisted  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Simmer- 
man,  arranged  the  display  of  the  Patent  Office;  Mr.  A.  J. 
Standing,  of  the  Carlisle  Indian  School,  installed  that  of  the 
Indian  Bureau,  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Boykin  organized  the  exhibits  of 
the  Bureau  of  Education.  Mr.  Boykin  was  also  designated  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  as  chief  special  agent  for  the 
Department,  and  remained  in  general  charge  of  the  exhibits,  at 
such  times  as  I  was  absent,  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition. 

63 


64  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Repacking  began  on  November  i ,  and  by  November  20  the 
exhibits  were  all  on  their  homeward  journey. 

During  the  month  of  June  Mr.  R.  T.  Hill  was  in  charge  of 
the  display  of  the  Geological  Survey.  In  the  Patent  Office 
space  Mr.  Newton  was  relieved  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Mitchell,  who 
was  succeeded  in  turn  by  Messrs.  Ballard  Morris,  T.  W.  Wither- 
spoon,  C.  S.  Jones,  J.  McRoberts,  and  Malcolm  Seaton.  Colonel 
Seaton  took  charge  of  repacking  the  Patent  Office  collection,  a 
duty  which  he  had  previously  performed  at  Chicago  and  Atlanta. 

The  board  of  management,  in  allotting  its  funds,  assigned 
$12,000  to  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  and  later  a  sum  of 
$300  was  added  to  this  for  a  special  purpose.  The  total  allot- 
ment, therefore,  was  $12, 300. T  The  expenditures,  in  gross, 
were  as  follows: 

General  Department  expenses $i,  054.  42 

Patent  Office  exhibits 2,  758.  90 

Indian  Bureau  exhibits 725.  72 

Bureau  of  Education  exhibits i,  537.  48 

Geological  Survey  exhibits 3,  1 1 1.  44 

Total 9,  187.  96 

The  balance,  $3,112.04,  was  covered  back  into  the  general 
fund  of  the  board. 

The  expenditures  under  the  first  heading,  general  Depart- 
ment expenses,  were  as  follows: 

Travel  and  subsistence $459-  92 

Freight,  expressage,  and  cartage 34.  05 

Labor  and  services 281.  08 

Decorations,  partitions,  and  signs 102.  95 

Furniture 40.  80 

Miscellaneous  expenses 135.  62 

Total i,  054.  42 

The  expenditures  chargeable  to  the  several  bureaus  of  the 
Department  are  given  under  the  separate  reports  which  are 
appended  to  this  general  statement.2  The  report  of  the  Indian 

1  See  statement  of  transfers  of  funds,  Appendix  A. 

2  See  classified  statement  appended  of  the  expenditures  of  the  entire 
Department. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  23. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  65 

Bureau  is  due  to  Miss  Emily  S.  Cook,  who  took  an  important 
part  in  the  organization  of  its  exhibits.  The  report  of  the 
Geographical  Survey  was  drafted  by  myself,  and  the  two  other 
reports  are  signed. 

F.  W.  CLARKE, 
Representative,  Department  of  the  Interior. 


PATENT  OFFICE. 

In  compliance  with  the  order  orally  given  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents,  the  following  report  is  submitted  on  the  exhibit  of 
the  Patent  Office  at  the  Nashville  Exposition: 

A  committee  was  appointed  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Fisher,  Assistant  Com- 
missic  er  of  Patents,  with  himself  as  chairman-  with  instruc- 
tions to  make  the  educational  features  th^dominant  ones  of  the 
exhibit,  while  the  attractive  features  were  to  be  made  as  promi- 
nent as  was  possible  without  eliminating  the  educational. 

A  very  complete  collection  of  models,  based  on  educational 
features,  had  been  prepared  for  the  World's  Fair,  held  in  Chi- 
cago in  1893,  and  of  these  a  large  number  was  exhibited  at  the 
Atlanta  Exposition  in  1895.  Accordingly,  it  was  believed  that 
the  same  lines  could  be  followed  on  this  occasion. 

The  money  appropriations,  and  the  space  allotted,  however, 
caused  the  exhibit  to  be  smaller  than  that  in  Atlanta,  and 
very  much  smaller  than  that  in  Chicago.  Hence,  in  reducing 
the  number  of  models  to  comply  with  the  new  conditions,  the 
original  sequence,  upon  \vhich  the  educational  features  largely 
depended,  was  in  many  instances  broken,  and  consequently  the 
original  purpose  of  the  committee  could  not  be  fully  carried  out. 

The  exhibit  \vas  contained  in  a  number  of  large  cases,  each 
containing  several  tiers  of  models.  Each  shelf  in  each  case,  so 
far  as  was  possible,  was  devoted  to  the  display  of  some  one  art, 
and  the  models  pertaining  thereto,  when  practical,  showed  the 
first  patented  or  historical  instance  of  invention  in  that  art,  as 
well  as  successive  steps  along  the  line  of  improvement,  until 
the  latest  device  of  its  kind  had  been  reached.  For  instance,  the 
exhibit  of  sewing  machines  may  be  mentioned,  although  all  the 

H.  Doc.  515 5 


66  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

arts  were  not  shown  in  such  detail.  The  first  model  showed 
the  earliest  crude  effort  to  sew  by  machinery,  the  following 
model  showing  the  great  improvement  of  Howe,  wherein  the 
idea  of  putting  the  eye  of  the  needle  near  the  point  was  first 
embodied.  This  feature  rendered  sewing  machines  practical, 
and  is  the  key  to  the  art  to  this  day.  The  remaining  models 
showed  various  successive  steps,  such  as  buttonhole  workers 
and  machines  for  sewing  leather. 

Certain  historical  models  were  also  exhibited,  among  which 
the  first  cotton  gin,  the  original  models  of  the  incandescent 
lamp,  and  the  first  typewriter  may  be  mentioned.  The  last 
also  constituted  the  first  of  a  series  of  typewriters,  by  which  the 
successive  steps  in  the  typewriting  art  were  illustrated. 

The  models  in  the  line  of  electricity,  firearms  and  ordnance, 
in  agriculture,  In  pottery  manufacture,  in  steam  engineering,  in 
printing  machinery,  and  in  many  other  arts  not  necessary  to 
mention  were  numerous,  but  not  sufficiently  so  to  render  their 
educational  features  as  apparent  as  a  larger  exhibit  \vould  have 
permitted.  The  exhibit  of  coal-tar  products  was  more  com- 
plete, and  by  the  aid  of  a  so-called  "genealogical  tree"  their 
relations  could  be  fairly  well  studied. 

The  exhibit  was  inspected  by  a  large  number  of  general  vis- 
itors, and  I  made  it  a  point  while  there  to  engage  in  conversa- 
tion anyone  who  showed  a  special  interest  in  it,  so  as  to  give  a 
better  idea  to  the  people  in  whose  interest  the  Exposition  was 
held,  and  also  to  ascertain  their  preferences.  I  was  especially 
impressed  by  the  fact  that  mechanics  and  others  were  generally 
interested  in  arts  very  different  from  those  with  which  their 
daily  labors  were  connected.  No  doubt  such  men,  after  spend- 
ing many  hours  of  their  daily  life  in  working  and  thinking  on 
certain  subjects,  feel  the  need  of  a  change  and  recreation  when 
they  visit  an  exposition;  hence,  they  find  things  entirely  differ- 
ent both  instructive  and  entertaining. 

Electricity  in  all  its  branches  probably  attracted  the  most 
attention  from  those  who  did  not  pursue  it  as  a  profession.  Its 
subdivisions,  those  subjects  which  the  daily  newspapers  so  fre- 
quently mention,  were  the  ones  most  inquired  after.  ''The 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  67 

inventions  of  Kdison ' '  were  repeatedly  called  for,  as  were  those 
of  quadruplex  telegraphy,  electric  motors,  telephones,  and  elec- 
tric lights.  It  was  universally  asked  how7  these  various  devices 
operated;  and  each  time  the  question  was  put  I  felt  the  need  of 
some  system  which  would  make  apparent  to  the  uninitiated  the 
precise  principle  and  mode  of  operation  of  everything  shown. 
When  I  realized  that  the  general  visitor,  with  an  interest  in  an 
exhibit,  is  usually  one  whose  training  has  taught  him  but  little 
in  the  particular  art,  it  became  apparent  that  principles  and 
modes  of  operation  constituted  the  chief  attraction  to  him,  and 
that  they  could  not  be  made  too  plain.  These  facts  were  illus- 
trated by  two  women  school-teachers,  who  ' '  did  not  have  time ' ' 
to  visit  the  exhibit  of  the  Bureau  of  Education,  which  adjoined 
that  of  the  Patent  Office,  but  who  spent,  on  different  days,  many 
hours  seeking  information  as  to  how  a  sewing  machine  could 
work  a  buttonhole,  how  a  cotton  gin  could  strip  the  seed  of  its 
fiber,  and  other  questions  equally  remote  from  their  profession 
and  equally  hard  to  make  clear  without  special  means.  The 
same  general  characteristics  were  true  of  lawyers,  physicians, 
and  people  generally  with  whom  I  conversed. 

I  was  gratified  at  the  general  interest  shown  in  the  patent 
system  as  a  whole,  and  felt  the  need  of  an  exhibit  which  would 
familiarize  the  general  public  with  the  various  facts  concerning 
it,  which  at  present  do  not  seem  to  be  clearly  understood.  For 
instance,  many  persons  regard  patents  as  legal  instruments  to 
secure  a  certain  form  of  taxation;  as  instruments  for  taking 
away  from  the  people  something  they  already  have,  or  of  con- 
veying the  monopoly  of  that  something  to  the  patentee.  Not  a 
few  had  the  idea  that  the  office  could  legally  grant  only  non- 
infringing  patents,  and  the  fact  that  it  would  infringe  was  the 
only  legitimate  grounds  for  the  rejection  of  an  application. 

I  am  convinced,  therefore,  that  the  material  for  an  exhibit  by 
the  Patent  Office,  on  an  occasion  like  that  in  Nashville,  where 
the  appropriations  and  space  are  inadequate  to  carry  out  the 
plan  employed  in  connection  with  the  World's  Fair,  should  be 
selected  with  the  main  intention  of  attracting  the  public  at  large 
and  of  instructing  them  in  the  arts  in  wrhich  they  have  only  a 


66  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

arts  were  not  shown  in  such  detail.  The  first  model  showed 
the  earliest  crude  effort  to  sew  by  machinery ,  the  following 
model  showing  the  great  improvement  of  Howe,  wherein  the 
idea  of  putting  the  eye  of  the  needle  near  the  point  was  first 
embodied.  This  feature  rendered  sewing  machines  practical, 
and  is  the  key  to  the  art  to  this  day.  The  remaining  models 
showed  various  successive  steps,  such  as  buttonhole  workers 
and  machines  for  sewing  leather. 

Certain  historical  models  were  also  exhibited,  among  \vhich 
the  first  cotton  gin,  the  original  models  of  the  incandescent 
lamp,  and  the  first  typewriter  may  be  mentioned.  The  last 
also  constituted  the  first  of  a  series  of  type\vriters,  by  which  the 
successive  steps  in  the  typewriting  art  were  illustrated. 

The  models  in  the  line  of  electricity,  firearms  and  ordnance, 
in  agriculture,  "in  pottery  manufacture,  in  steam  engineering,  in 
printing  machinery,  and  in  many  other  arts  not  necessary  to 
mention  were  numerous,  but  not  sufficiently  so  to  render  their 
educational  features  as  apparent  as  a  larger  exhibit  would  have 
permitted.  The  exhibit  of  coal-tar  products  was  more  com- 
plete, and  by  the  aid  of  a  so-called  "genealogical  tree"  their 
relations  could  be  fairly  well  studied. 

The  exhibit  was  inspected  by  a  large  number  of  general  vis- 
itors, and  I  made  it  a  point  while  there  to  engage  in  conversa- 
tion anyone  who  showed  a  special  interest  in  it,  so  as  to  give  a 
better  idea  to  the  people  in  whose  interest  the  Exposition  was 
held,  and  also  to  ascertain  their  preferences.  I  was  especially 
impressed  by  the  fact  that  mechanics  and  others  were  generally 
interested  in  arts  very  different  from  those  with  which  their 
daily  labors  were  connected.  No  doubt  such  men,  after  spend- 
ing many  hours  of  their  daily  life  in  working  and  thinking  on 
certain  subjects,  feel  the  need  of  a  change  and  recreation  when 
they  visit  arl  exposition;  hence,  they  find  things  entirely  differ- 
ent both  instructive  and  entertaining. 

Electricity  in  all  its  branches  probably  attracted  the  most 
attention  from  those  who  did  not  pursue  it  as  a  profession.  Its 
subdivisions,  those  subjects  which  the  daily  newspapers  so  fre- 
quently mention,  were  the  ones  most  inquired  after.  ''The 


Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  6  7 

inventions  of  Edison ' '  were  repeatedly  called  for,  as  were  those 
of  quadruplex  telegraphy,  electric  motors,  telephones,  and  elec- 
tric lights.  It  was  universally  asked  how  these  various  devices 
operated;  and  each  time  the  question  was  put  I  felt  the  need  of 
some  system  which  would  make  apparent  to  the  uninitiated  the 
precise  principle  and  mode  of  operation  of  everything  shown. 
When  I  realized  that  the  general  visitor,  with  an  interest  in  an 
exhibit,  is  usually  one  whose  training  has  taught  him  but  little 
in  the  particular  art,  it  became  apparent  that  principles  and 
modes  of  operation  constituted  the  chief  attraction  to  him,  and 
that  they  could  not  be  made  too  plain.  These  facts  were  illus- 
trated by  two  women  school-teachers,  who  ' '  did  not  have  time ' ' 
to  visit  the  exhibit  of  the  Bureau  of  Education,  which  adjoined 
that  of  the  Patent  Office,  but  who  spent,  on  different  days,  many 
hours  seeking  information  as  to  how  a  sewing  machine  could 
work  a  buttonhole,  how  a  cotton  gin  could  strip  the  seed  of  its 
fiber,  and  other  questions  equally  remote  from  their  profession 
and  equally  hard  to  make  clear  without  special  means.  The 
same  general  characteristics  were  true  of  lawyers,  physicians, 
and  people  generally  with  whom  I  conversed. 

I  was  gratified  at  the  general  interest  shown  in  the  patent 
system  as  a  whole,  and  felt  the  need  of  an  exhibit  which  would 
familiarize  the  general  public  with  the  various  facts  concerning 
it,  which  at  present  do  not  seem  to  be  clearly  understood.  For 
instance,  many  persons  regard  patents  as  legal  instruments  to 
secure  a  certain  form  of  taxation;  as  instruments  for  taking 
away  from  the  people  something  they  already  have,  or  of  con- 
veying the  monopoly  of  that  something  to  the  patentee.  Not  a 
few  had  the  idea  that  the  office  could  legally  grant  only  non- 
infringing  patents,  and  the  fact  that  it  would  infringe  was  the 
only  legitimate  grounds  for  the  rejection  of  an  application. 

I  am  convinced,  therefore,  that  the  material  for  an  exhibit  by 
the  Patent  Office,  on  an  occasion  like  that  in  Nashville,  where 
the  appropriations  and  space  are  inadequate  to  carry  out  the 
plan  employed  in  connection  with  the  World's  Fair,  should  be 
selected  with  the  main  intention  of  attracting  the  public  at  large 
and  of  instructing  them  in  the  arts  in  which  they  have  only  a 


68  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

casual  knowledge.  If  this  plan  were  to  be  adopted  the  great 
mass  of  visitors  would  feel  rewarded  for  the  time  spent,  and 
there  would  always  be  sufficient  technical  features,  inherent  in 
any  invention  which  might  be  selected,  to  instruct  and  interest 
those  whose  daily  life  makes  them  experts  in  the  art  considered, 
provided  they  care  to  devote  the  time  and  study  necessary  to 
master  the  details  or  scientific  points  involved.  At  all  events, 
it  is  desirable  that  the  public  be  sufficiently  attracted  to  make 
them  visit  an  exhibit,  before  that  exhibit  can  accomplish  any 
instruction. 

T.  W.  WITHERSPOON, 

Examiner,  Division  32. 

COST   OF   PATENT   OFFICE   EXHIBIT. 

The  cost  of  the  exhibit  of  the  Patent  Office  was  covered  by 
the  following  items: 

Travel  and  subsistence $i,  275.  70 

Labor  and  services 41 1.  85 

Freight  and  cartage 250.  38 

Show  cases 608.  oo 

Packing  material 42.  42 

Miscellaneous  expenses 170.  55 

Total 2,  758.  90 


BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION. 

The  exhibit  of  this  Bureau  in  Nashville  was  in  many  respects 
similar  to  that  in  the  Atlanta  Exposition  in  1895,  and  a  great 
deal  of  the  same  material  was  used. 

The  amount  of  money  allotted  to  the  Department  was  small 
and  did  not  seem  to  justify  radical  departures.  In  addition,  the 
appropriation  was  not  available  until  so  late  in  the  year  that  it 
would  have  been  impossible  to  collect  from  the  schools  the  mate- 
rial for  an  entirely  new  exhibit.  Nor  was  this  necessary,  for  the 
patronage  of  the  Nashville  Exposition  was  drawn  from  a  terri- 
tory so  entirely  different  from  its  predecessor  that  comparatively 
few  people  saw  both. 

Many  of  the  lessons  learned  in  Atlanta  were  applied  in  the 


Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  6  9 

preparation  of  the  latter  exhibit,  and  the  effort  was  made  to 
eliminate  everything  that  was  not  in  itself  attractive  to  the  gen- 
eral public.  An  exposition  is  hardly  a  proper  place  for  serious 
study.  People  attend  it  to  receive  impressions,  not  to  pursue 
profound  investigations.  An  appreciation  of  this  fact  is  the  first 
requisite  of  a  successful  exposition  man. 

Teachers  and  superintendents  undoubtedly  have  a  certain 
pleasure  in  witnessing  an  exhibit  with  the  subject-matter  of 
which  they  are  familiar,  and  usually  they  are  attracted  to  any- 
thing in  a  general  collection  which  bears  the  label  of  ' '  educa- 
tional. ' '  But  their  attention  can  rarely  be  held  by  an  exhibit 
that  would  not  hold  the  average  visitor. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  Nashville  material,  therefore,  the 
thought  of  intrinsic  attractiveness  was  continually  uppermost 
and  it  led  to  the  omission  of  all  collections  of  reports  such  as 
were  shown  in  Atlanta  for  the  purpose  of  indicating  the  sources 
of  information  utilized  in  the  compilation  of  publications  of  the 
Bureau.  The  statistical  charts  and  diagrams  exhibited  were 
compiled  and  arranged  with  a  view  to  show  educational  data  of 
striking  interest  rather  than  masses  of  figures  of  value  to  the 
student  only. 

Since  statistics  and  educational  information  are  the  special 
province  of  the  Bureau,  the  first  thought  and  the  most  time  were 
given  to  the  preparation  of  statistical  charts.  They  are  not  the 
best  exposition  material,  but  they  are  the  most  representative  of 
the  Bureau's  principal  function. 

A  large  chart  made  for  wall  display  showed  the  progress  of 
education  in  the  South  for  the  last  twenty  years.  The  public 
school  system  in  the  Southern  States  has  had  its  greatest  growth 
in  that  time,  and  the  figures  of  the  chart  brought  out  the  remark- 
able strides  that  have  been  made.  Eighty  charts  were  prepared 
and  displayed  in  "wing  frames,"  about  half  of  which  were 
devoted  to  statistics  of  education  in  the  United  States  and  half 
to  education  in  foreign  countries.  Among  these  were  several 
charts  that  were  comparative  in  character,  and  showed  the  rela- 
tive number  of  male  and  of  female  teachers,  the  relative  number 
of  elementary  pupils,  relative  illiteracy,  etc.,  for  several  countries. 


yo  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Allied  to  the  charts  in  general  character  were  eight  large 
maps  of  the  United  States  upon  which  were  shown  the  location 
of  the  higher  educational  institutions,  the  distribution  of  public 
school  and  high  school  attendance,  of  public  libraries,  and  the 
percentage  of  illiteracy  in  the  several  States  of  the  Union.  These 
maps  were  very  valuable  and  were  constantly  examined  by  inter- 
ested visitors. 

Twelve  cases  of  photographs  of  typical  educational  institu- 
tions were  shown.  The  institutions  were  classified  as  follows: 
Public  schools,  normal  schools,  seminaries  for  girls,  academies 
for  boys,  institutions  for  the  colored  race,  colleges  for  women, 
universities  and  colleges,  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges, 
institutes  of  technology,  and  schools  of  medicine.  In  each  case 
the  institutions  represented  were  selected  to  cover  as  wide  a  field 
as  possible,  and  there  were  pictures  from  every  State  in  the 
Union.  Comparatively  few  photographs  were  included  from 
Nashville  and  the  vicinity,  on  the  supposition  that  the  schools 
in  the  neighborhood  would  all  have  exhibits  of  their  own,  and 
that  Tennessee  material  in  the  Bureau's  space  would  be  of  little 
interest.  This  proved  to  be  an  error.  The  few  Tennessee  pho- 
tographs in  the  collection  were  more  popular  than  all  the  rest 
together,  and  a  great  many  visitors  expressed  disappointment  at 
not  seeing  more  of  their  home  institutions  represented.  People 
in  examining  the  cases  would  almost  invariably  look  for  scenes 
with  which  they  were  familiar.  Profiting  by  this  experience, 
while  I  would  not  confine  such  exhibits  to  local  institutions, 
I  believe  that  a  liberal  proportion  of  them  would  add  to  the 
interest  of  the  collection  and,  by  inducing  people  to  "proceed 
from  the  known  to  the  unknown,"  would  make  the  whole  of 
greater  use  and  value. 

A  number  of  water-color  pictures  were  shown  to  indicate  the 
progress  of  school  architecture.  They  were,  respectively,  a 
primitive  log  cabin  schoolhouse,  an  interior  of  the  .same,  a  "dug- 
out ' '  school  of  the  Western  plains,  the  ' '  little  red  schoolhouse, ' ' 
so  familiar  in  educational  literature,  a  city  school  building  of 
thirty  years  ago,  and  lastly,  a  typical  modern  building.  These 
pictures,  with  the  exception  of  the  one  last  named,  were  made, 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  71 

and  well-made,  by  Mr.  Spencer  B.  Nicholls,  a  young  artist  of 
Washington,  D.  C.  Mr.  Edward  W.  Donn,  of  the  firm  of  Bonn 
&  Peter,  architects,  originated  the  design  and  drew  the  picture 
of  the  present-day  structure. 

The  most  apparent  and  conspicuous  improvement  pertaining 
to  schools  has  been  in  the  matter  of  equipment.  It  has  been 
comparatively  few  years  since  the  prevailing  type  of  school- 
house  in  this  country  was  of  a  very  primitive  character.  The 
rural  aspect  of  the  country  as  a  whole  and  the  undeveloped  con- 
dition of  the  school  system  tended  to  associate  the  school  in  the 
popular  mind  most  intimately  with  the  log  cabin  or  the  simple 
one-room  frame  structure.  It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  this  is 
no  Ipnger  true.  The  day  of  rustic  simplicity  has  passed  away 
in  nearly  every  part  of  our  country,  and  with  it  have  disap- 
peared those  rude  structures  in  which  the  schools  were  for- 
merly housed.  Ours  is  no  longer  a  nation  of  farmers  of  the  old 
style,  and  typical  American  life  of  to-day  is  life  in  cities  and 
villages.  The  commonest  and  best  known  kind  of  schoolhouse 
is  the  commodious'  eight- room  building  so  frequently  seen  the 
country  over.  This  development  was  very  well  shown  by 
the  pictures  exhibited  and  they  attracted  wide  attention. 

The  twenty  historical  pictures  of  school  punishments  which 
were  made  for  the  Bureau's  exhibit  in  the  Atlanta  Exposition 
by  Mr.  Felix  Mahony  were  again  displayed  and  were  again  an 
attractive  and  popular  feature. 

That  part  of  the  exhibit  which  related  to  Alaska  was,  during 
a  considerable  part  of  the  summer,  one  of  the  most  sought-for 
exhibits  on  the  grounds.  The  excitement  caused  by  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  on  the  Yukon  River  was  attended  by  a  wide- 
spread desire  to  learn  as  much  as  possible  of  that  little-known 
territory,  and  everything  connected  with  Alaska  became  an 
object  of  interest.  The  exhibit  was  prepared  before  the  gold 
discoveries  were  made  and  for  that  reason  the  Bureau  had  but 
little  to  show  from  the  vicinity  of  the  "diggings."  At  my 
request,  however,  Mr.  William  Hamilton,  the  assistant  general 
agent  of  education,  kindly  indicated  on  a  map  the  points  around 
which  most  of  the  interest  is  centered  and  wrote  me  a  letter 


7  2  Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition . 

describing  the  region  as  well  as  the  route  by  which  it  is  reached. 
Both  the  map  and  the  letter  were  framed  and  hung  in  a  con- 
spicuous place  and  were  nearly  always  surrounded  by  eager 
visitors,  as  such  information  was  not  then  readily  accessible 
elsewhere. 

Nearly  all  the  material  in  the  Alaska  exhibit  was  furnished 
by  Dr.  Sheldon  Jackson,  the  general  agent  of  education,  and  by 
Mr.  Hamilton.  It  comprised  two  show  cases  filled  with  curios, 
eighty  sheets  of  statistics,  photographs,  and  drawings,  showing, 
as  far  as  possible,  the  conditions  of  education  in  the  Territory, 
together  with  a  collection  of  water  color  paintings  of  Alaskan 
wild  flowers  made  by  Miss  K.  Leslie  Jackson.  The  curios 
included  totem  poles,  models  of  fur  garments,  specimens  of 
carving,  weaving  and  needlework,  and  the  like.  The  native 
drawings  were  remarkable  for  the  conception  of  perspective  they 
displayed  and  for  accuracy  of  execution,  which  was  surprising 
for  those  whose  instruction  had  been  of  the  most  limited  and 
rudest  sort.  But  few  of  the  "artists"  had  attended  the  Gov- 
ernment schools  at  all. 

The  flower  pictures  of  Miss  Jackson  were  noteworthy  for 
their  artistic  excellence  as  well  as  for  their  botanical  correct- 
ness, and  were  much  admired.  To  most  visitors  it  was  surpris- 
ing that  there  were  such  flowers  in  Alaska,  and  the  exhibit  did 
much  to  dispel  the  prevalent  idea  that  Alaska  is  a  land  of  per- 
petual snow  and  ice. 

In  the  matter  of  installation,  the  changes  introduced  were 
more  in  the  nature  of  improvements  over  old  ideas  than  of 
radical  innovations.  The  photographs  of  typical  educational 
institutions  were  mounted  on  heavy  cards  and  hung  in  hinged 
frames  in  neat  cabinets.  Since  wall  space  was  limited,  these 
cabinets  were  "econstructed  upon  tables,  six  upon  each,  and  the 
result  was  two  very  handsome  pieces  of  furniture. 

Between  the  space  of  the  Bureau  and  that  of  the  Indian  Office 
two  screens  were  erected — one  on  each  side — with  a  sufficient 
space  for  an  aisle  between.  The  screens  were  10  feet  long  and 

8  feet  high  and  were  substantial  and  ornamental.     The  frames 
were  of  polished  oak,  so  as  to  correspond  with  the  rest  of  the 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  73 

furniture,  and  the  central  portions  were  covered  with  burlap 
similar  to  the  wall  covering.  They  served  excellently  for  addi- 
tional hanging  space  for  pictures. 

Wing  frames,  hung  in  rows  above  8-foot  tables,  were  used  for 
the  statistical  charts  and  for  the  Alaska  photographs,  while  the 
maps  showing  the  distribution  of  educational  institutions  were 
hung  upon  self-acting  rollers  in  wall  cases,  so  constructed  as  to 
permit  the  ready  examination  of  any  map. 

The  show  cases  used  for  the  Alaska  curios  were  like  those  com- 
monly seen  in  shops,  save  that  they  had  glass  on  all  sides,  the 
frames  being  perfectly  plain  and  of  highly  polished  oak.  The 
handsome  appearance  of  the  furniture  and  the  great  number  of 
pictures  on  the  walls  made  any  attempts  at  ornamentation  for 
its  own  sake  unnecessary.  Four  groups  of  Rogers' s  statuettes 
on  school  subjects  and  a  large  brass  telescope  were,  however, 
used  to  good  advantage  on  the  tops  of  the  cases. 

J.  C.  BOYKIN, 

Special  Agent. 

COST   OF   BUREAU   OF   EDUCATION    EXHIBIT. 

The  expenditures  on  account  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  were 
as  follows: 

Travel  and  subsistence $81 1.  18 

Freight  and  cartage 85.  20 

Labor  and  services 46.  25 

Cases  and  frames 269.  44 

Pictures 125.  oo 

Printing  and  lettering 123.  50 

Miscellaneous  expenses 76.  91 


Total i,  537.  48 


BUREAU  OF  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

The  exhibit  made  by  this  Bureau  in  the  Nashville  Exposition 
differed  but  little  from  that  which  was  presented  in  Atlanta. 
The  same  restrictions  prevailing,  namely,  lack  of  money  and 


74  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

lack  of  space,  the  Bureau  was  unable  to  present  anything  more 
than  its  school  work  among  Indians.  Accordingly,  representa- 
tive schools  were  asked  to  furnish  specimens  of  written  class- 
room work,  with  maps,  drawings,  and  articles  manufactured  in 
school  sewing  rooms  and  shops. 

Eight  nonreservation  schools  were  represented  in  the  exhibit, 
namely:  Carlisle,  Pa.;  Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.;  Carson,  Nev. ; 
Chilocco,  Okla. ;  Flandreau,  S.  Dak.;  Fort  Shaw.  Mont.;  Law- 
rence, Kans.,  and  Phoenix,  Ariz. 

Also  fifteen  reservation  boarding  schools,  namely:  Arapaho, 
Okla.;  Cheyenne,  Okla.;  Fort  Sill,  Okla.;  Pawnee,  Okla.; 
Otoe,  Okla.;  Ponca,  Okla.;  Crow  Creek,  S.  Dak. ;  Lower  Brule, 
S.  Dak.;  Standing  Rock,  N.  Dak.  (two  schools);  Eastern 
Cherokee,  N.  C.;  Hoopa,  Cal.;  Oneida,Wis.;  Puyallup,  Wash., 
and  Shoshone,  Wyo. 

Also  day  schools  on  the  Rosebud,  Pine  Ridge,  Pueblo,  and 
Mission  reservations. 

The  written  work  of  each  member  of  a  class  on  a  certain  day 
was  obtained  and  selections  from  these  pages  were  bound  into 
books,  one  or  two  from  each  school.  The  papers  ranged  all  the 
way  from  beginnings  in  reading  and  writing  English  to  alge- 
bra and  history,  with  specimens  of  bookkeeping  and  shorthand 
from  classes  in  commercial  departments.  There  were  also  com- 
positions, maps,  free-hand  drawings,  and  models  in  clay. 

The  kindergarten  was  much  in  evidence  with  its  special 
adaptation  for  the  teaching  of  children  in  a  language  other  than 
their  own. 

From  the  sewing  rooms  came  specimens  of  darning  and  mend- 
ing, neatly  made  underclothes,  dresses,  cloaks,  etc.,  as  well  as 
' '  fancy  work  ' '  in  the  way  of  crocheting,  knitting,  fine  embroid- 
ery, and  drawn  work.  There  were  also  shirts  and  collars  finely 
laundered  by  Indian  pupils. 

As  showing  the  industrial  training  given  boys,  the  shops  sent 
examples  of  joinery  and  blacksmith  work,  shoes,  harness, 
bridles,  tinware,  etc.,  and  a  suggestion  of  farming  in  the  way 
of  samples  of  cotton,  grain,  and  hay.  A  fine  redwood  cabinet 
and  a  model  of  the  school  band  stand  at  Phoenix,  Ariz. ,  numerous 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  75 

specimens  of  wood  and  metal  working,  and  a  covered  spring 
wagon  from  the  Carlisle  school  were  especially  worthy  of  notice. 
There  were  also  models  giving  the  full  graded  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  blacksmithing  and  carpentering  from  the  Fort  Shaw 
school,  Montana,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  sloid  work  from 
different  schools. 

The  respective  schools  furnished  charts  showing  their  organi- 
zation, equipment,  different  departments,  and  the  number  of 
classes  and  grades  in  both  literary  and  industrial  lines. 

Collections  of  photographs  gave  both  the  exterior  and  interior 
of  many  of  the  school  plants,  showing  pupils  at  work  and  at 
play. 

The  charts  and  photographs  were  mounted  on  cards  28  inches 
by  22  inches  and  displayed  in  the  swinging  frames  of  4  oak 
wall  cases  containing  28  cards  each;  also  in  the  20  swinging 
frames  of  a  wing  column.  The  latter  were  glazed,  the  former 
unglazed,  being  the  same  that  were  made  for  use  at  Atlanta. 

The  books  of  class  rooms  were  displayed  upon  a  sloping 
stand-up  reading  shelf  fastened  to  the  wall  and  having  two 
shelves  below  to  hold  the  books  when  not  in  use. 

The  specimens  of  industrial  work  were  arranged  in  3  of  the 
4  oak  cases  used  in  Atlanta,  whose  dimensions  are  9%  by  8  by 
4  feet,  one  filled  with  girls'  work,  one  with  boys'  work,  and  the 
other  with  articles  of  both  sorts. 

For  decoration,  Chippewa  matting  and  Navaho  blankets  hung 
on  the  walls  and  Pueblo  pottery  stood  on  the  corners  of  the 
cases,  while  transparencies  loaned  by  the  Geological  Survey 
filled  the  windows  with  scenes  of  Indian  life  and  surroundings. 

This  exhibit  marks  a  decided  advance  over  that  in  Atlanta, 
not  only  in  its  installation,  but  also  in  the  quality  of  the  work 
shown,  thus  giving  gratifying  evidence  of  the  progress  made 
educationally  throughout  the  Indian  service. 


7  6  Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition . 


COST   OF   BUREAU   OF   INDIAN   AFFAIRS   EXHTBIT. 

The  subjoined  expenses  were   incurred  on  account  of   the 
Indian  Bureau: 

Travel  and  subsistence $335-  28 

Freight  and  cartage 154.  68 

Cases  and  repairs  to  cases 44-79 

Labor  and  services 42.  50 

Miscellaneous  expenses 148.  47 

Total 725.  72 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Geological  Survey  occupied  a  floor  space 
of  48  by  26  feet,  with  wall  space  upon  two  sides  of  it.  The 
larger  wall  space,  to  a  height  of  nearly  12  feet,  was  covered  by 
a  display  of  geological  and  topographic  maps,  while  the  shorter 
wall  space  was  devoted  to  pictures,  illustrations  from  publica- 
tions of  the  Survey,  and  relief  maps  of  several  States.  Among 
the  latter,  a  large  map  of  Tennessee,  n  feet  long,  was  the 
central  object.  It  was  made  especially  for  use  at  this  Exposi- 
tion, and  it  showed  the  topography  of  Tennessee  most  admirably. 
A  relief  map  of  New  York  City  and  vicinity,  including  Staten 
Island  and  the  Palisades,  was  also  exhibited  for  the  first  time. 

The  floor  exhibits  of  the  Survey,  because  of  the  limited  space 
and  lack  of  time  for  preparation,  were  relatively  small.  Two 
large  cases  were  shown  filled  with  minerals  from  various  parts 
of  the  country.  These  wrere  chosen  with  a  view  to  their  beauty 
and  brilliancy  of  effect,  and  included  a  superb  series  of  golden 
calcites  from  Missouri.  A  third  case  contained  a  selected  col- 
lection of  fossils  from  the  more  important  horizons,  and  a  fourth 
case  was  devoted  to  the  ''Educational  Series  of  Rocks,"  about 
150  in  number,  which  is  a  collection  intended  ultimately  for 
distribution  to  schools  and  colleges.  The  remainder  of  the 
floor  space  was  given  to  two  large  groups  of  geological  and 
topographic  models,  and  contained  nothing  new.  Among  them 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  77 

were  models  of  Mount  Shasta,  the  Yosemite  Valley,  the  Arkan- 
sas D~ainage  Basin,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  mountain 
region  from  Chattanooga  to  Atlanta. 

In  addition  to  the  exhibits  named  above,  the  Survey  also 
made  a  display  of  photographic  transparencies,  which  formed 
a  double  tier  in  the  four  windows  along  the  space  assigned  to 
the  Department.  There  were  32  of  these  transparencies,  each 
measuring  36  by  28  inches,  and  14  of  them  were  colored. 
Although  these  were  shown  as  an  exhibit  of  the  Survey,  they 
actually  formed  the  chief  decoration  of  the  Department  space, 
and  were  universally  admired. 

COST   OF   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY   EXHIBIT. 

The  cost  of  the  Survey  exhibit  was  as  follows: 

Travel  and  subsistence $324.  67 

Freight,  expressage,  and  cartage 169.  1 1 

Labor  and  services 142.  oo 

Transparencies 374.  10 

Map  and  picture  exhibit 300.  oo 

Minerals  and  fossils 399.  55 

Geological  and  topographic  models i,  087.  oo 

Packing  boxes  and  materials    91.  56 

Railings 70.  20 

Miscellaneous  expenses " 153.  25 


Total 3,  111.44 


Expenditures  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  Tennessee  Centennial 
Exposition,  Nashville,  1897. 

Services $923.  68 

Special  services,  printing  and  lettering 123.  50 

Travel  and  subsistence .  .  3,  206.  75 

Freight,  expressage,  and  cartage 693.  42 

Exhibition  cases,  repairs  to  cases,  furniture,  frames,  etc 963.  03 

Decorations,  partitions,  signs,  railings,  etc 173.  15 

Models,  maps,  minerals,  fossils,  transparencies,  pictures,  etc  ...  2,  285.  65 

Packing  material 133.  98 

Miscellaneous  expenses 684.  80 


Total 9,  187.96 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  24. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  DEPART 
MENT  OF  JUSTICE. 


As  the  representative  of  the  Department  of  Justice  on  the 
board  of  management,  Government  exhibit,  at  the  Tennessee 
Centennial  Exposition  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1897,  I  have  the 
honor  to  submit  the  following  report: 

The  act  to  encourage  the  holding  of  the  Tennessee  Centen- 
nial Exposition  in  Nashville  provided  for  the  exhibition  of 
"such  articles  and  materials  as  illustrate  the  function  and 
administrative  faculty  of  the  Government,  tending  to  demon- 
strate the  nature  of  our  institutions  and  their  adaptations  to  the 
wants  of  the  people. ' '  It  need  hardly  be  said  that  a  Depart- 
ment dealing  mostly  with  questions  of  law,  and  in  its  adminis- 
tration coming  but  rarely  in  direct  contact  with  the  people  of 
the  country,  can  not  compete  in  any  way  as  an  exhibitor  of 
entertaining  objects  illustrating  its  functions  with  most  of  the 
other  Executive  Departments.  An  earnest  effort  was  made  by 
the  representative,  however,  to  collect  and  arrange  materials 
for  the  Department  exhibit  in  Nashville  which  would  be  inter- 
esting to  the  majority  of  citizens  and  as  representing  in  the 
best  manner  possible  some  of  the  functions  of  a  Department, 
which,  though  but  a  very  modest  factor  in  the  Exposition,  is 
otherwise  as  important  as  any. 

The  collection  of  portraits  of  the  Attorneys- General,  from  the 
time  of  Randolph  to  the  present,  occupied  most  of  the  wall 
space,  and  wras  relied  upon  as  the  chief  feature  of  attraction. 
These  portraits  of  distinguished  men  are  always  interesting  to 
visitors  from  different  sections  of  the  country,  and  their  value 
is  constantly  increasing  with  the  lapse  of  time. 

An  exhibit  of  blanks  and  forms  was  presented  showing  in 

79 


8o  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

various  ways  the  method  and  course  of  routine  official  business 
in  the  Department,  including  pardons  by  the  Executive,  etc., 
and  was  found  to  be  interesting  and  attractive.  Rare  copies  of 
legal  text-books  were  also  shown. 

As  this  Department  is  charged  with  the  supervision  of  United 
States  prisoners  and  prisons,  a  collection  of  pictures  and  objects 
was  secured  illustrating  those  features.  Drawings  showing 
the  plan  of  the  proposed  new  United  States  penitentiary  in  Fort 
Leavenworth,  Kans.  ;  photographs  illustrative  of  the  employ- 
ment of  prisoners  in  the  various  prisons  of  the  country  and  of 
the  prison  buildings,  with  many  specimens  of  the  handiwork 
of  prisoners,  were  exhibited,  and  attracted  general  attention. 
It  has  been  found  that  almost  everyone  is  entertained  by  matters 
connected  with  prison  life.  The  care  and  treatment  of  prison- 
ers, their  daily  life  and  occupations,  are  studied  and  observed 
not  only  by  a  large  class  of  persons  interested  in  penology,  but 
by  citizens  generally. 

The  same  course  with  regard  to  the  installation  and  shipment 
of  the  Department  exhibit  was  followed  as  that  so  successfully 
adopted  in  Atlanta.  A  contract  was  made  with  a  reliable  firm 
to  pack  and  ship  the  entire  outfit  to  Nashville,  install  it  in  the 
Government  building,  and  to  pack,  reship,  and  replace  the  arti- 
cles at  the  close  of  the  Exposition,  all  of  which  was  carried  out 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  the  representative.  The 
result  proved  satisfactory  in  every  respect. 

A  partial  list  of  the  Department  exhibits  is  here  given. 

PORTRAlTvS   OF   ATTORNEYS-GENERAL   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  appointed  the  first  Attorney-General 
of  the  United  States  by  President  Washington  September  26,  1789. 
Artist,  Stamey. 

William  Bradford,  of  Pennsylvania,  appointed  by  President  Washing- 
ton January  8,  1794.  Artist,  W.  E.  Winner. 

Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia,  appointed  by  President  Washington  December 
10,  1795- 

William  Wirt,  of  Virginia,  appointed  by  President  Monroe  November 
13,  1817  Artist,  C.  B.  King. 

Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  appointed  by  President  Jackson  July  20, 
1831. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  81 

Felix  Grundy,  of  Tennessee,  appointed  by  President  Van  Buren  Sep- 
tember, 1838.  Artist,  G.  Dury,  1858. 

John  Nelson,  of  Maryland,  appointed  by  President  Tyler  July  i,  1843. 
Artist,  Thorp,  1872. 

John  Jordan  Crittenden,  of  Kentucky,  appointed  by  President  Fillmore 
July  22,  1850.  Artist,  J.  M.  Stanley,  1856. 

Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  appointed  by  President  Buchanan  Decem- 
ber 20,  1860.  Artist,  F.  B.  Carpenter,  1865. 

James  Speed,  of  Kentucky,  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  December 
2,  1864.  Artist,  G.  P.  A.  Healy,  1865. 

Charles  Devens,  of  Massachusetts,  appointed  by  President  Hayes  March 
12,  1877.  Artist,  Fred.  P.  Vinton,  1884. 

Benjamin  Harris  Brewster,  of  Pennsylvania,  appointed  by  President 
Arthur  January  2,  1882. 

Augustus  H.  Garland,  of  Arkansas,  appointed  by  President  Cleveland 
March  6,  1885. 

William  H.  H.  Miller,  of  Indiana,  appointed  by  President  Harrison 
March  5,  1889. 

Richard  Olney,  of  Massachusetts,  appointed  by  President  Cleveland 
March  6,  1893. 

PHOTOGRAPHS   OF  ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 

Judson   Harmon,  of   Ohio,  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  June  8, 

1895. 

Joseph  McKenna,  of  California,  appointed  by  President  McKinley 
March  4,  1897. 

IMPORTANT  PERIODS   IN  THE  HISTORY   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  administration  of  the  United  States  Government  at  the  beginning 
of  its  second  century,  Washington,  D.  C.,  July  4,  1876. 

The  administration  of  the  Government  at  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America,  Washington,  D.  C., 
October  21,  1892. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Seals  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Departments  of  the  United  States 
Government. 

Photographs  of  the  associate  justices  and  the  circuit  and  district  judges 
of  the  United  States,  sixth  judicial  circuit. 

Photograph  of  the  Supreme  Court  room,  Washington,  D.  C. 

H.  Doc.  515 6 


82  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


DEPARTMENTAL   PUBLICATIONS   AND    OLD    LAW    BOOKS. 

Opinions  of  Attorneys-General,  twenty  volumes. 

Wicquefort,  ' '  L'  Ambassadeur  et  ses  Fonctions, ' '  two  volumes.  Cologne, 
1690.  This  work  is  two  hundred  and  seven  years  old. 

Comyns,  Sir  John.  A  digest  of  the  laws  of  England,  second  edition,  five 
volumes.  London,  1780. 

MacNaghten,  W.  H.  Principles  and  Precedents  of  Moohummudan  Law; 
being  a  compilation  of  primary  rules  relative  to  the  doctrine  of  inheritance, 
contracts,  and  miscellaneous  subjects.  Calcutta,  1825. 

Wilkins,  D.,  "  Leges  Anglo-Saxonicse,"  London,  1721.  This  volume  is 
one  hundred  and  seventy -seven  years  old,  and  in  its  original  binding.  The 
inside  column  of  each  page  contains  the  Anglo-Saxon  type,  and  the  outside 
column  the  translation  of  the  same  into  Latin. 

"  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,"  Beck  edition,  Leipsiae,  1829;  two  volumes. 

Blackstone,  Sir  William,  "Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England." 
First  edition,  five  volumes.  Philadelphia,  1771.  The  first  American  edition 
of  Blackstone  printed  on  the  North  American  continent.  A  list  of  sub- 
scribers to  this  work,  occupying  twenty -two  pages,  is  printed  in  the  fourth 
volume. 

Sheppard,  W.,  "Actions  upon  the  Case  for  Deeds."  Second  edition. 
London,  1675. 

Proceedings  of  the  convention  which  adopted  the  first  constitution  of 
Virginia,  held  at  the  capitol  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  May  6,  1776. 

The  first  convention  of  Virginia,  and  the  ordinances  of  the  convention, 
held  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  May  6,  1776. 

Debates  of  the  State  convention  which  ratified  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  convened  at  Richmond,  Va.,  June  2,  1788,  for  the  purpose  of 
deliberating  on  the  Constitution  recommended  by  the  Grand  Federal  Con- 
vention, and  to  which  is  prefixed  the  Federal  Constitution,  taken  in 
shorthand  by  David  Robertson.  Second  edition. 

Debates  of  the  State  convention,  1788,  which  did  not  ratify  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  convened  at  Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  July  21,  1788. 

Revisal  of  Laws.  Newbern,  1773.  A  complete  revisal  of  all  the  acts  of 
the  assembly  of  the  province  of  North  Carolina. 

Journal  of  Convention,  1796.  Reprinted  1852,  held  at  Knoxville,  Tenn., 
January  u,  1796.  Printed  by  George  Roulstone,  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  1796, 
and  reprinted  by  McKennie  &  Brown,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  1852.  This 
convention  adopted  the  first  constitution  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

Tennessee,  Laws  of  1801. 

Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Province  of  New  Jersey.  (1702- 
1776.)  By  Samuel  Allinson.  Burlington,  1776. 

Acts  of  the  Council  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 
( 1776-1783. )  By  Peter  Wilson.  Trenton,  1784. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  83 

Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York,  comprising  the  Constitution  and  the 
Acts  of  the  Legislature  since  the  Revolution,  from  the  first  to  the  twelfth 
session  inclusive.  (1778-1789.)  By  Jones  and  Varick.  New  York,  1789. 
Two  volumes. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  published  according  to  Act  of 
Assembly.  By  James  Iredell.  Edenton,  1791. 

Public  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina.  By  Francois- 
Xavier  Martin.  Newbern,  1804.  Second  volume. 

Laws  of  Maryland.  By  Thomas  Bacon  (Lord  Baltimore).  Annapolis, 
1765.  (This  is  a  remarkably  fine  edition. ) 

Laws  of  Maryland.     ( Hanson  edition. )     Annapolis,  1787. 

Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  By  Marbury  and  Crawford. 
Savannah,  1802. 

Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania.  By  Alexander  J.  Dallas. 
Philadelphia,  1793-1797.  Volumes  I  and  II. 

Collection  of  all  the  acts  of  Assembly  now  in  force  in  the  Colony  of 
Virginia.  Williamsburg,  printed  by  William  Hunter,  1733. 

The  acts  of  Assembly  now  in  force  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia.  Wil- 
liamsburg, 1769. 

Collection  of  all  such  public  acts  of  the  General  Assembly  and  ordi- 
nances of  the  convention  of  Virginia,  passed  since  the  year  1768,  as  are 
now  in  force.  Published  under  inspection  of  the  Judges  of  the  High 
Court  of  Chancery.  Richmond,  1785. 

Collection  of  all  such  acts  of  the  General  Assembly  as  are  now  in  force. 
Richmond,  1791. 

PRISONS   AND    PRISONERS. 

Colored  front  elevation  of  new  United  States  penitentiary,  Fort  Leaven- 
worth,  Kans.  ( Now  building. ) 

First  floor  plan,  new  United  States  penitentiary,  Fort  Leaven  worth, 
Kans. 

Second  floor  plan,  new  United  States  penitentiary,  Fort  Leavenworth, 
Kans. 

Bxhibit  of  articles  illustrating  prison  industries  and  specimens  of  skilled 
work  by  prisoners: 

Manufacture  of  pearl  buttons,  Detroit  House  of  Correction,  Detroit, 
Mich.,  showing  process  from  the  rough  shell  to  the  finished  work. 
Embroidery  by  male  prisoner  at  Illinois  penitentiary,  Joliet,  111. 
Four  leaves  painted  by  prisoner  at  United  States  penitentiary,  Fort 
Leavenworth,  Kans. 

Articles  in  steel  and  pearl  from  the  Ohio  penitentiary,  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

Fly  paper  weight  from  Ohio  penitentiary,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Merry-go-round  ingeniously  inserted  in  glass  bottle,  from  Ohio  pen- 
itentiary, Columbus,  Ohio. 


84  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Exhibit  of  articles  illustrating  prison  industries,  etc. — Continued. 

Wax  flowers  made  by  male  prisoner,  Ohio  penitentiary,  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

Napkin  rings  of  chair  cane;  silver  teakettle  made  from  a  lo-cent 
piece;  chains,  etc.,  all  from  the  Albany  County  penitentiary,  Albany, 
N.  Y. 

Photographs  showing  where  United  States  prisoners  are  confined,  em- 
ployment, etc.: 

Albany  County  penitentiary,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Front,  exterior  and 
interior  views;  chapel,  and  shops. 

United  States  penitentiary,  McNeils  Island,  Washington.  Cutting 
wood;  guards;  farm  labor;  outside  view. 

House  of  Correction,  Detroit,  Mich.  Prisoners  making  pearl  but- 
tons; marching  to  chapel. 

Ohio  penitentiary,  Columbus,  Ohio.     Prisoners  marching  to  dinner. 

United  States  penitentiary,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  Cell  house;  tailor 
shop. 

New  York  State  reformatory,  Elmira,  N.  Y.  Four  interior  views; 
three  views  of  military  drills;  main  buildings  and  cells;  schools; 
officers,  shops,  etc.;  gymnasium;  garden,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  expenditures  made  by  the 
Department  in  connection  with  its  exhibit  at  the  Exposition: 

Contract,  including  packing,  installation,  etc $550.  Jo 

Services,  custodian  and  janitor  . . . . '. 462.  82 

Exhibition  cases  and  frames 274.  oo 

Subsistence  of  detailed  employees 185.  40 

Travel  of  detailed  employees 122.  70 

Freight 92.  So 

Expressage 37.  52 

Articles  purchased  for  exhibit 64.  80 

Office  expenses — desk,  chair,  and  telegrams 16.  05 

Lumber  and  millwork 6.  50 

Total i,  812.  59 

FRANK  STRONG, 
Representative,  Department  of  Justice. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  25. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE 
DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


The  exhibit  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  occupied  a 
floor  space  of  approximately  4,300  square  feet  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  Government  building,  and  was  made  up  of  special 
exhibits  representing  nine  divisions  of  the  Department,  in  the 
order  named,  as  follows:  On  the  main  aisle,  beginning  at  the 
west  entrance,  the  Division  of  Agrostology  occupied  about  200 
square  feet  of  space;  the  Office  of  Fiber  Investigations,  200  feet; 
the  Division  of  Entomology,  about  440  feet;  a  relief  map  of  the 
State  of  Tennessee,  about  100  feet;  the  Division  of  Pomology, 
about  400  feet;  and  the  Weather  Bureau,  480  feet.  On  the 
rear  aisle,  beginning  at  the  west  wall,  the  Biological  Survey 
occupied  a  space  of  400  feet;  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
460  feet;  the  Division  of  Forestry,  460  feet;  and  the  Division 
of  Vegetable  Physiology,  400  feet.  The  space  north  of  the 
rear  aisle,  and  occupied  by  the  four  last-named  divisions,  was 
very  nearly  equally  divided  into  alcoves,  which  allowed  for  the 
construction,  in  two  instances,  of  wall  cases  on  three  sides — the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  having  wall  cases  on  two  sides, 
the  rear  wall  being  open  for  uses  of  pictorial  installation,  while 
the  Division  of  Forestry  was  installed  upon  the  side  and  rear 
walls  without  cases.  By  this  system  the  equivalent  of  a  third 
more  case  space  was  secured,  while  the  alcove  arrangement 
added  largely  to  the  picturesque  effect.  All  the  cases  were 
finished  in  drop  black,  to  give  the  appearance  of  ebonized  wood, 
the  black  woodwork  being  repeated  in  the  cornices  of  partitions 
and  in  the  moldings  with  which  the  wall  backgrounds  were 
trimmed.  This  pigment,  taken  in  connection  with  the  general 
color  scheme  used  throughout  the  Government  building,  of 

85 


86  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

backgrounds  of  fabric  in  garnet  and  ecru,  produced  a  rich  and 
solid  effect.  The  light  from  the  north  was  supplied  by  four 
large  windows,  and  the  lower  line  of  panes,  four  in  each  window, 
was  filled  with  photographic  enlargements  in  the  form  of  trans- 
parencies, measuring  28  by  34  inches.  The  twelve  lights  of 
glass  in  each  window  above  this  lower  line  of  panes  were  painted 
to  resemble  frosted  glass,  which  had  the  effect  of  softening 
and  diffusing  the  light.  The  case  arrangement  between  the 
main  and  rear  aisles  was  north  and  south,  or  at  right  angles  to 
the  principal  aisles,  so  that  the  passageways  between  cases  led 
the  visitor  into  the  space  and  made  it  possible  to  reach  the 
alcoves  beyond  at  any  point  of  view.  The  aisles  were  from  3 
to  6  feet  wide,  while  the  rear  aisle  was  about  7  feet  wide. 
Against  one  of  the  posts  of  the  building,  about  the  center  of 
the  space*,  was  arranged  a  trophy  composed  of  four  American 
flags  with  a  model  of  the  seal  of  the  Department,  4  feet  square, 
as  a  centerpiece.  The  other  posts  in  the  space  were  -covered 
with  fabric  and  draped  above  with  American  flags. 

The  installation  of  the  space  was  begun  about  April  25,  and 
the  building  was  opened  to  the  public  May  17,  the  period  of 
installation  occupying  about  three  weeks.  Mr.  William  Halley 
was  foreman  of  the  construction  force,  and  also  rendered  valu- 
able assistance  in  packing  and  unpacking  exhibits.  The  gen- 
eral installation  was  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Charles  Richards 
Dodge,  while  the  details  of  the  arrangement  of  divisional  exhib- 
its in  the  cases  were  directed  by  experts  from  the  different 
divisions  of  the  Department  represented,  who  were  detailed  to 
Nashville  for  this  purpose. 

The  labeling  of  individual  specimens  and  of  groups  was  uni- 
form throughout  the  space.  As  far  as  uniformity  was  possible, 
four  sizes  and  forms  of  cards  were  used,  the  style  and  sizes  of 
the  lettering  being  uniform  on  each  size  of  card,  both  capitals 
and  lower-case  letters  being  employed;  thus  the  same  face  or 
style  of  type  appeared  on  all,  whether  a  specimen  or  a  group 
label.  In  some  instances  larger  labels  were  used  on  the  outside 
of  the  cases.  These  were,  for  the  most  part,  framed  under  glass, 
and  a  larger  body  of  the  face  or  style  of  type  used  than  was 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  87 

employed  in  printing  the  specimen  labels.  The  cardboard  was 
the  regulation  board  used  by  the  National  Museum,  being  buff 
or  a  light  ocher  in  tint.  By  the  use  of  colored  board  instead  of 
white  the  general  effect  of  an  exhibit  is  enhanced,  particularly 
where  case  interiors,  whether  backgrounds  or  floors,  are  deco- 
rated in  similar  tones,  whether  with  paint  or  fabrics. 

No  atttempt  was  made  to  separate  the  exhibits  of  the  differ- 
ent divisions  of  the  Department,  though  the  various  collections 
presented  by  a  division  to  form  its  exhibit  were  always  arranged 
together.  Nor  was  each  division  specially  designated,  for  the 
casual  visitor  is  usually  indifferent  to  such  matters,  while  those 
specially  interested,  or  students,  could  obtain  information  from 
the  attendants  in  charge  of  the  exhibits. 

WEATHER  BUREAU. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Weather  Bureau  aimed  to  illustrate,  as  far 
as  possible,  the  work  of  procuring  meteorological  observations 
and  the  use  of  the  latter  in  the  preparation  and  issue  of  fore- 
casts. For  this  purpose  a  complete  equipment  of  meteorologi- 
cal instruments  was  set  up  and  maintained  in  operation  during 
the  period  of  the  Exposition.  This  equipment  consisted  of 
apparatus  by  which  continuous  records  were  obtained  of  the 
velocity  and  direction  of  the  wind,  the  duration  of  sunshine, 
temperature  of  the  air,  amount  of  rainfall,  etc.  In  addition  to 
the  instruments  which  recorded  continuously  and  automatically, 
there  were  also  employed  in  some  cases  duplicates  of  these  to 
more  fully  illustrate  their  action,  and  the  exhibit  contained 
copies  of  each  of  the  standard  instruments  used  in  making  eye 
observations,  and  the  best  methods  of  exposure  of  various  forms 
were  fully  shown. 

The  observations  upon  which  forecasts  and  warnings  of  the 
Bureau  are  based  are  made  at  the  same  instant  of  absolute  time, 
namely,  daily,  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  at  8  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  seventy-fifth  meridian  time.  The  reports  are  im- 
mediately telegraphed  to  the  central  office  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
over  a  special  arrangement  of  telegraphic  circuits  set  apart  each 
day  at  these  hours  for  the  purpose.  It  was  impracticable  to 


88  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

fully  present  the  actual  operation  of  preparation  of  forecasts 
at  the  Exposition,  but  the  attendants  in  charge,  by  the  aid  of 
copies  of  the  daily  weather  maps  and  other  suitable  charts,  fully 
explained  the  work  to  those  interested. 

Additional  features  of  the  exhibit  consisted  in  various  cli- 
matic and  meteorological  charts,  prints,  etc.,  and  photographs 
of  lightning,  clouds,  and  the  novel  and  peculiar  kites  recently 
employed  in  extending  the  meteorological  work  into  observa- 
tions of  the  upper  air.  This  latter  was  fully  illustrated  by 
actual  models  of  kites,  and  during  the  week  of  October  7  to  14 
a  special  exhibit  was  given  on  the  Exposition  grounds,  at  which 
a  full-sized  kite,  carrying  recording  instruments,  was  flown  to 
a  considerable  height  over  the  Exposition  buildings. 

The  preparation  of  this  exhibit  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
Prof.  Charles  F.  Marvin,  of  the  instrument  division  of  the 
Weather  Bureau,  who  also  directed  its  installation  in  Nashville. 

BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Biological  Survey  was  arranged  by  Dr.  A. 
K.  Fisher  and  consisted  of  a  number  of  groups  of  mammals  and 
birds,  representing,  from  the  standpoint  of  agriculture,  both 
beneficial  and  injurious  species.  It  comprised  also  a  number  of 
characteristic  Southern  birds,  of  which  the  snowy  egret  is  a 
conspicuous  example,  that  have  suffered  so  severely  from  the 
attacks  of  feather  hunters.  In  order  to  supply  the  demands  of 
the  feather  trade  the  heronries  are  invaded  during  the  breeding 
season  and  the  parent  birds  mercilessly  slaughtered,  while  the 
helpless  young  are  left  to  die. 

Several  kinds  of  beneficial  birds  were  represented  in  their 
native  haunts  amid  foliage  and  blossoms  faithfully  and  artis- 
tically reproduced  in  wax.  Among  the  groups  of  this  kind 
were  cedarbirds  feeding  on  the  larvae  and  adults  of  the  destruc- 
tive elm-leaf  beetle,  a  species  which  comparatively  few  other 
birds  touch;  a  pair  of  cuckoos  gleaning  hairy  caterpillars  from 
apple  boughs  and  blossoms;  and  a  pair  of  kingbirds  or  "bee 
martins"  sitting  near  their  nest,  one  of  the  birds  devouring  a 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  89 

destructive  robber- fly.  In  killing  a  single  robber-fly  the  king- 
bird saves  more  honeybees  than  would  be  destroyed  by  the  bird 
in  a  long  time.  Three  sparrow-hawks  were  represented  on  a 
dead  tree  top,  devouring  their  favorite  prey,  consisting  of  a 
meadow  vole  and  grasshoppers;  and  a  shrike  or  butcherbird 
impaling  an  English  sparrow  on  a  thorny  bush  illustrated  a 
common  method  of  disposing  of  food  not  needed  for  immediate 
use. 

A  flock  of  English  sparrows  feeding  on  the  tender  blossoms 
of  the  peach  showed  the  manner  in  which  these  birds  destroy 
fruit  and  frequently  cause  considerable  loss  to  fruit  growers  in 
the  vicinity  of  cities  and  towns. 

Among  the  mammals  exhibited  were  groups  of  kangaroo 
rats,  pouched  gophers,  prairie  dogs,  ground  squirrels,  and  rab- 
bits, all  destructive  to  grain  or  other  crops.  Predaceous  mam- 
mals were  represented  by  weasels,  minks,  skunks,  raccoons,  and 
opossums.  These  animals  are  in  the  main  beneficial  because 
they  destroy  noxious  rodents  and  insects,  although  certain  of 
them,  as  the  mink  and  opossum,  become  a  nuisance  by  inroads 
upon  poultry  and  eggs. 

A  number  of  enlarged  photographs  hung  over  the  cases  were 
introduced  to  illustrate  characteristic  types  of  vegetation  or 
scenes  from  regions  of  special  interest  to  the  student  of  geo- 
graphic distribution. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

It  was  the  aim  of  this  exhibit  to  show  the  insects  which  are 
injurious  to  crops  grown  in  the  South,  together  with  examples 
of  their  work.  The  method  of  work  was  illustrated  by  wax 
models  of  the  cotton  plant,  tomato,  potato,  clover,  twigs  and 
foliage  of  apple,  pear,  peach,  plum,  currant,  orange,  strawberry, 
and  grape.  The  insects  themselves  were  shown  in  cases,  together 
with  such  samples  of  work  as  could  readily  be  shown  without 
wax  models.  There  were,  for  example,  i  box  of  insects  inju- 
rious to  sugar  cane  and  rice,  2  boxes  of  insects  injurious  to 
cotton,  2  boxes  of  insects  injurious  to  grains,  12  boxes  of  insects 


90  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

injurious  to  corn  and  forage  plants,  8  boxes  of  insects  injurious 
to  truck  crops,  6  boxes  of  insects  injurious  to  oranges,  and 
15  boxes  of  insects  injurious  to  other  fruits. 

There  were  also  large  papier-mache  models  of  the  chinch  bug, 
silkworm  of  commerce,  and  the  honeybee.  In  another  case  was 
exhibited  a  collection  of  substances  used  to  destroy  insects,  with 
labels  giving  directions  for  their  preparation  and  application. 
There  were  also  bromide  enlargements  of  photographs  and 
figures  illustrating  various  important  insects  and  field  opera- 
tions in  the  control  of  insects.  The  display  was  prepared  by 
Dr.  Iv.  O.  Howard,  chief  of  the  division,  assisted  by  Messrs. 
C.  L.  Marlatt  and  F.  C.  Pratt. 

DIVISION  OF  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY  AND  PATHOLOGY. 

This  division,  of  which  Mr.  B.  T.  Galloway  is  chief,  and 
Mr.  Albert  F.  Woods,  assistant  chief,  seeks  by  investigations 
in  the  laboratory  and  experiments  in  the  field  to  determine 
the  cause  of  disease  and  the  best  means  of  treatment.  It  also 
studies  plant  physiology  in  its  relation  to  pathology  and  its 
bearing  on  crop  production  in  general. 

The  exhibit  in  Nashville  consisted  of  wax  models,  specimens, 
drawings,  photographs,  bromide  enlargements  of  diseased  and 
healthy  plants,  maps  and  charts  illustrating  the  distribution  in 
the  United  States  of  several  of  the  more  common  plant  diseases, 
specimens  and  paintings  illustrating  the  characteristics  of  some 
of  the  diseases  and  the  methods  of  laboratory  investigation  and 
field  work  followed  in  combating  them;  a  collection  of  fungi- 
cides, with  the  different  ingredients  used  in  their  preparation, 
also  the  mixtures  ready  for  use;  photographs  and  bromide 
enlargements  showing  field  work  in  treating  some  of  the  more 
common  diseases  and  its  results;  a  collection  of  specimens, 
models,  and  photographs  illustrating  some  of  the  different 
species  of  edible  and  poisonous  mushrooms,  mushroom  culture, 
the  different  kinds  of  beds,  and  the  two  kinds  of  spawn  gener- 
ally used,  models  of  mushrooms  as  they  appear  in  the  beds, 
and  photographs  of  commercial  houses,  the  growing  crop,  and 
the  mushrooms  prepared  ready  for  shipment. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  26. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  91 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  and  installed  by  Mr.  P.  H.  Dorsett, 
under  the  direction  of  the  chief  of  the  division. 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  was  prepared  by  Mr. 
George  P.  Sud worth,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow, 
chief  of  the  division.  It  consisted  of  three  features:  Mono- 
graphs of  four  important  timber  trees  of  the  South,  three  farm- 
forestry  models,  and  a  forest  botanical  display  of  important 
Southern  tree  species. 

The  monographic  display  comprised  four  commercially  impor- 
tant Southern  timber  species:  Longleaf  pine  (Pinus  palustris) , 
red  cedar  {Juniperus  virginiana),  white  oak  (Quercus  alba), 
and  red  gum  (Liquidambar  styraciflua).  The  monograph  of 
each  species  consisted  of  a  huge  frame  (9  by  4  feet)  of  flitches 
cut  from  a  large  trunk  showing  the  characteristic  bark  of  a 
mature  tree.  Within  the  frame,  inclosed  in  glass,  were  succes- 
sively arranged  five  panels:  First,  a  base  map  of  North  America 
with  a  green-colored  area  of  the  geographical  distribution  for 
the  species.  Second,  a  panel  giving  the  accepted  vernacular 
and  scientific  name,  followed  by  a  full  list  of  common. and 
botanical  synonyms,  together  with  notes  on  the  principal  uses, 
appearance,  and  physical  character  of  the  wood.  The  panel 
also  contained  three  photomicrographs,  showing  the  magnified 
structure  of  the  wood  in  a  cross  section,  tangential,  and  radial 
section.  Third,  a  panel  containing  large  specimens  illustrating 
the  botanical  features  of  the  species  from  the  germinating  seed- 
ling and  several  successive  stages  of  seedling  growth  to  the 
mature  branches  with  flowers  and  fruit.  Fourth,  the  three 
commercial  cuts  of  the  lumber  were  exhibited  in  a  finished 
panel,  showing  the  gross  structure  and  appearance  of  the  tan- 
gential ( ' '  bastard  "  ) ,  radial  ( ' '  rift  "  ) ,  and  quarter-sawed  lum- 
ber. The  fifth  and  bottom  panel  included  a  display  of  rough, 
sawed  lumber  of  the  species,  together  with  cross  sections  of 
sapling  and  mature  trunks,  showing  the  characteristic  internal 
and  external  structure. 

The  three  farm-forestry  models   (4  by  6  feet,   mounted  in 


92  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

serial  order  on  a  low  table)  illustrated,  first,  a  typical  Southern 
farm  with  the  common  effects  of  indiscriminate  forest  denuda- 
tion shown  in  wasted  and  badly  eroded  hills  and  other  slopes, 
leaving  but  little  tillable  land  and  finally  rendering  the  farm 
useless  and  unproductive.  The  second  model  showed  the  inau- 
guration of  principles  of  forestry  applicable  to  the  conditions  of 
the  farm  looking  to  a  restoration  of  dissipated  soil  and  resources. 
The  denuded  crowns  and  steeper  slope  are  replanted  in  forest, 
and  the  banks  of  streams  are  retained  by  a  fringe  of  trees;  the 
rush  of  waters  is  checked4  by  damming  the  gullies  with  brush 
and  stonework;  the  gentler  slopes  are  protected  by  terrace  and 
contour  plowing,  and  by  ditching  and  underground  draining 
the  surface  water  is  carried  off  with  least  damage  to  the 
soil,  which  is  gradually  renewed  by  mulching,  manuring, 
and  thorough  cultivation.  The  third  model  showed  the  farm 
regained,  and  illustrated  a  proper  maintenance  by  preserving  a 
forest  cover  on  all  hilltops,  steep  or  rocky  slopes,  and  a  fringe 
along  water  courses,  together  with  a  systematic  and  judicious 
cutting  of  ripe  and  needful  wood  supply,  but  in  such  a  manner 
that  there  shall  be  a  natural  reproduction;  but  if  the  latter  fail, 
the  spaces  are  to  be  replanted.  The  farm  is  divided  and  fenced 
with  a  view  to  using  every  foot  of  ground  to  the  best  advantage 
and  for  purposes  to  which  each  part  is  best  adapted.  Accidental 
washing  is  to  be  immediately  corrected. 

The  forest  botanical  display  was  limited  to  140  species  of 
commercially  important  Southern  timber  trees,  most  of  which 
are  included  in  the  forest  flora  of  Tennessee.  Each  species 
was  illustrated  by  herbarium-size  specimens  of  foliage,  flowers, 
and  fruit,  mounted  in  a  glass-covered  and  finished  box  (4  by 
12^  by  16^2  inches)  and  accompanied  by  a  small  base  map  of 
North  America  on  which  the  area  of  geographical  distribu- 
tion was  colored  green,  together  with  a  small  block  of  wood 
(9  by  2  inches)  radially  cut  from  an  average-sized  trunk  of  the 
species.  The  bark  was  left  intact  and  the  wrood  smoothed  so 
as  to  exhibit  its  characteristic  appearance. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  93 

OFFICE  OF  FIBER  INVESTIGATIONS. 

This  exhibit  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Charles  Richards  Dodge, 
in  charge  of  such  investigations.  It  showed  a  very  nearly  com- 
plete collection  of  the  commercial  fibers  of  the  United  States, 
cultivated  and  imported.  These  were  arranged  in  four  cases, 
of  thirty-two  panels,  in  series,  to  illustrate  the  raw  fibers  and 
their  preparation,  with  examples  of  principal  manufactures. 
The  collection  comprised  flax,  hemp,  jute,  cotton,  ramie,  sisal 
and  manila  hemps,  Tampico,  palmetto,  cocoanut,  and  the  prin- 
cipal species  of  brush  fibers,  such  as  Piassaba,  Palmyra,  and 
Kittool.  Among  the  miscellaneous  fibrous  substances  were 
bamboo,  rattan,  straw  plait,  raffia,  Southern  cane  fiber,  silk  cot- 
tons, and  woody  fibers.  Among  novelties  were  corn  pith 
cellulose  used  for  packing  bulkheads  of  armored  vessels,  Cuba 
bast,  and  willow  and  poplar  shavings  used  in  millinery  goods. 

The  fibers  were  displayed  in  panel  boxes,  2  by  5  feet,  and  a 
few  inches  deep,  under  plate  glass,  the  thirty-two  panels  being 
arranged  in  four  upright  cases,  painted  in  imitation  of  ebonized 
wood. 

The  flax  submitted  was  in  series,  showing  the  straw  as  pro- 
duced on  the  farm,  the  same  retted,  scutched,  and  hackeled, 
with  examples  of  the  tow  product.  Next  followed  a  series  of 
American  flax  samples  together  with  an  interesting  series  of 
imported  flax  samples,  ranging  in  price  from  $125  to  $500  a  ton 
(scutched).  The  flax  series  was  completed  by  examples  of  the 
yarns,  and  the  most  common  forms  of  American  manufacture, 
such  as  flax  threads,  twine,  embroidery  floss,  and  woven  fabrics. 
In  like  manner  the  American  and  native  hemps  were  shown, 
with  their  manufactures,  and  ramie  was  exhibited  from  the 
stalks  to  the  most  delicate  fabrics  and  lace  goods  that  are  man- 
ufactured in  European  factories. 

All  the  brush  fibers  were  shown  with  interesting  examples  of 
the  different  forms  of  brushes  made  in  this  country,  chiefly  from 
imported  fibers.  Four  panels  were  devoted  to  American  and 
imported  cotton,  and  in  one  panel  appeared  examples  of  the 
most  common  uses  of  cotton  in  manufacture. 


94  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

The  collection  in  its  entirety  brought  together  not  only  the 
fibers  produced  in  the  United  States,  but  those  representing 
imports  to  the  extent  of  nearly  $20,000,000,  largely  fibrous 
substances  that  could  be  grown  within  our  domain. 

With  this  exhibit  was  also  shown  a  dozen  bromide  enlarge- 
ments of  well-known  species  of  fiber  plants,  these  occupying 
wall  space  near  the  fibers  themselves.  Several  large  transpar- 
encies, placed  in  the  windows,  further  illustrated  the  work  of 
the  Office  of  Fiber  Investigations. 

While  the  Office  of  Fiber  Investigations  had  no  outdoor 
exhibit,  it  assisted  the  Exposition  officials  in  getting  together, 
near  the  agriculture  building,  an  exhibit  of  such  growing 
fiber  plants  as  flax,  hemp,  jute,  and  ramie.  The  plot  of  ramie 
grew  during  the  entire  season,  but  only  reached  a  height  of 
about  4  feet. 

DIVISION  OF  AGROSTOLOGY. 

This  exhibit  consisted  of  a  number  of  sheaves  of  grasses, 
principally  from  the  prairie  and  Rocky  Mountain  regions, 
although  there  were  about  sixty  from  the  South.  There  were 
also  shown  a  number  of  pen  drawings,  originals  of  the  illustra- 
tions used  in  the  two  volumes  on  "American  Grasses,  Illus- 
trated, ' '  which  will  be  used  in  the  ' '  Handbook  of  North 
American  Grasses,"  now  approaching  completion.  About  one 
thousand  species  of  grasses  will  be  described  and  figured. 
There  were  also  shown  samples  of  a  number  of  the  cultivated 
forage  plants,  such  as  millets,  sorghum,  alfalfa,  cowpeas,  and 
soy  beans,  and  some  of  the  wild  millets  and  wild  beans  which 
have  shown  much  promise  when  tried  in  the  experimental  gar- 
dens of  this  division.  This  display  was  arranged  by  Prof.  F. 
Lamson-Scribner,  assisted  by  Mr.  Jared  G.  Smith. 

DIVISION  OF  POMOLOGY. 

This  exhibit  contained  about  five  hundred  and  fifty  facsimile 
models  of  fruits  specially  adapted  to  cultivation  in  that  portion 
of  the  United  States  which  lies  south  of  the  Ohio  and  Potomac 
rivers,  including  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States.  The 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  95 

larger  part  of  the  collection  consisted  of  apples,  one  hundred 
and  twenty-three  varieties;  pears,  twenty  varieties;  peaches, 
seventy  -  three  varieties;  plums,  thirty  -  three  varieties,  and 
oranges,  forty  varieties,  while  crab  apples,  quinces,  nectarines, 
apricots,  cherries,  persimmons,  kakis,  pomeloes,  lemons,  man- 
darin oranges,  strawberries,  dewberries,  and  grapes  were  shown, 
as  well  as  many  minor  tropical  and  subtropical  fruits  in  the 
southern  portions  of  Florida.  A  large  collection  of  water-color 
paintings  of  fruits  was  exhibited.  This  \vas  divided  into  tw7o 
groups,  one  containing  fruits  specially  adapted  to  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  the  other  composed  of  varieties  that  succeed  in  vari- 
ous portions  of  the  South.  A  collection  of  fruit  descriptions 
illustrating  the  methods  followed  in  the  Division  of  Pomology 
in  describing  fruits  was  also  shown.  An  artistic  feature  of  the 
exhibit  was  a  large  water-color  painting  by  Miss  D.  G.  Passmore, 
of  branches  in  bloom,  of  double- flowered  varieties  of  almond, 
peach,  cherry,  and  apple  from  specimens  obtained  from  trees  on 
the  grounds  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  parks  of 
Washington,  D.  C. 

The  rapidly  developing  pineapple  industry  of  Florida  was 
illustrated  by  a  series  of  bromide  enlargements  of  photographs 
of  pineapple  fields,  sheds,  and  packing  houses  in  that  State,  and 
by  a  succession  of  fruiting  pineapple  plants  which  were  shipped 
from  Florida  as  required  during  the  summer  and  exhibited  in 
a  glass  case  where  favorable  conditions  of  temperature  and 
humidity  could  be  maintained.  The  exhibit  was  planned  and 
installed  by  Mr.  William  A.  Taylor,  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
S.  B.  Heiges,  chief  of  the  division. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

The  display  of  this  Bureau  consisted  of  alcoholic  preparations 
of  the  organs  of  domesticated  animals  showing  the  changes 
which  take  place  in  them  as  a  result  of  the  various  disease  proc- 
esses. About  one  hundred  specimens  were  exhibited,  illus- 
trating such  diseases  as  tuberculosis,  glanders,  hog  cholera, 
swine  plague,  actinomycosis,  and  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia 
(a  disease  which  has  been  completely  eradicated  from  the 


96  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

United  States  by  this  Bureau).  In  addition  to  these  specimens, 
models  of  the  same  diseases  were  shown,  which  gave  a  better 
idea  of  the  fresh  specimen  than  alcoholic  preparation  can. 

A  collection  of  horses'  hoofs  showing  the  more  common  forms 
of  disease  in  the  feet,  and  also  a  collection  of  horseshoes  of 
various  patterns  for  the  correction  of  such  evils  as  this  form 
of  treatment  is  applicable  to,  attracted  the  attention  of  many 
persons.  Each  specimen  was  described  by  means  of  neatly 
printed  labels. 

The  meat-inspection  work  was  illustrated  as  far  as  possible 
by  means  of  large  bromideographs  of  employees  of  the  Bureau 
at  work  attaching  official  tags,  seals,  etc.,  and  microscopically 
inspecting  samples  of  pork  for  the  presence  of  the  trichina 
worm.  Samples  of  the  various  implements  and  tags  used  in 
the  inspection  of  live  and  slaughtered  cattle  and  hogs  for  inter- 
state and  export  trade  were  exhibited. 

About  forty  species  of  harmless  bacteria  were  exhibited  to 
show  their  characteristics  as  to  pigment  production,  mode  of 
growth,  etc.,  and  to  aid  in  making  a  more  attractive  exhibit 
than  could  have  been  made  with  the  comparatively  few  disease- 
producing  forms,  with  which  this  Bureau  deals  with  more  par- 
ticularly. The  bacterial  exhibit  was  supplemented  by  tubes  of 
bacterial  toxins  and  antitoxins  isolated  in  the  chemical  labora- 
tory of  the  Bureau,  and  by  four  beautiful,  large,  framed  draw- 
ings of  the  more  important  micro-parasites.  Those  diseases  of 
animals  due  to  the  presence  of  parasites  were  well  illustrated 
by  a  very  large  collection  of  parasitic  worms  and  insects. 

The  wool  industry  of  the  South  was  represented  by  a  pyramid 
of  wool  samples  exhibited  in  bottles  and  labeled  to  show  the 
States  in  which  the  wool  was  grown.  For  purposes  of  embellish- 
ment, as  well  as  information,  numerous  large  photographs  of 
famous  horses  and  cows,  and  animals'  horns  artistically  mounted, 
were  placed  at  advantageous  points. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  D.  E. 
Salmon,  chief  of  the  Bureau,  by  Dr.  C.  F.  Dawson,  who  also 
superintended  its  installation. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  97 

The  following-  is  a  statement  of  the  expenditures  made  by 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  its  exhibit: 

Services  $2,  608.  67 

Special  services,  printing, drafting,  painting,  making  blue-prints, 

photographic  enlargements,  etc.  .^ 163.  88 

Travel 462.  10 

Subsistence,  including  while  traveling i,  807.  29 

Freight 334.  21 

Expressage 151.  45 

Cartage 76.  26 

Exhibition  cases,  frames,  office  furniture,  settees,  etc i,  194.  70 

Lumber  and  millwork 55-56 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 105.  1 2 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc 74.  80 

Supplies  and  preparators' material . .  70.  19 

Packing  material 295.  35 

Apparatus,  specimens,  models,  transparencies,  photographs,  etc.  i,  273.  35 

Decorations,  partitions,  railings,  etc 43.  69 

Miscellaneous,  office  expenses,  storage 192.  65 

Total 8,  909.  27 

CHARLES  W.  DABNEY, 
Representative,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

H.  Doc.  515 7 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  27. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  SMITH- 
SONIAN INSTITUTION1  AND  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


In  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress,  previously  quoted,  the 
secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  designated  Dr.  Freder- 
ick W.  True,  executive  curator  of  the  National  Museum,  to  act 
as  representative  of  the  Institution  and  its  dependencies  on  the 
board  of  management  of  the  Government  exhibit,  and  Mr.  Wil- 
liam V.  Cox,  chief  clerk  of  the  National  Museum,  to  take  active 
charge  of  the  exhibits  at  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  Institution  was  intended  to  convey 
to  the  minds  of  the  visitors  a  clear  impression  of  the  character 

1  The  Smithsonian  Institution,  although  it  bears  the  name  of  a  foreigner, 
has  for  half  a  century  been  one  of  the  most  important  agencies  in  the  intel- 
lectual life  of  our  people.  It  has  been  a  rallying  point  for  the  workers  in 
every  department  of  scientific  and  educational  work  and  the  chief  agency 
for  the  free  exchange  of  books,  apparatus  of  research,  and  of  scientific  intel- 
ligence between  this  and  other  countries.  Its  publications,  which  include 
more  than  200  volumes,  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  important  libraries  in  the 
world,  and  some  of  them,  it  is  safe  to  say,  on  the  work  table  of  every  scien- 
tific investigator.  Its  great  library  constitutes  an  integral  and  very  impor- 
tant part  of  the  national  collection  at  the  Capitol,  and  its  museum  is  the 
richest  in  existence  in  many  branches  of  the  natural  history  and  ethnology 
of  the  New  World.  Many  wise  and  enlightened  scholars  have  given  their 
best  years  to  its  service,  and  some  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  science  to 
whom  our  country  has  given  birth  have  passed  their  entire  lifetime  in 
working  for  its  success. 

The  most  important  service,  however,  which  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
has  rendered  to  the  nation— intangible,  but  none  the  less  appreciable — 
has  been  its  fifty  years  of  constant  cooperation  with  the  Government,  with 
public  institutions,  and  with  individuals  in  every  enterprise,  scientific  or 
educational,  which  needed  its  advice,  support,  or  aid  from  its  manifold 
resources.  ( Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode,  in  An  Account  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution; Its  Origin,  History,  Objects,  and  Achievements.  1895.) 

99 


ioo  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

and  scope  of  the  work  accomplished  by  it  and  the  bureaus  which 
are  under  its  direction.  For  obvious  reasons  the  activities  of  the 
National  Museum  were  illustrated  in  a  more  complete  and  real- 
istic manner  than  was  possible  in  the  case  of  the  Institution  proper 
or  in  any  of  the  other  bureaus  under  its  direction.  Almost  every 
department  of  the  National  Museum  furnished  an  exhibit,  al- 
though some  of  them  were  very  much  more  complete  than  others. 

The  space  assigned  to  the  Institution  was  in  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  Government  building  and  comprised  about  5,000 
square  feet.  There  was  a  frontage  of  101  feet  on  the  main  aisle, 
running  east  and  west,  with  a  width  of  48  feet.  At  the  west 
end  of  the  space  there  was  a  series  of  alcoves,  but  otherwise  the 
cases  were  placed  in  rows.  Two  short  aisles  led  from  the  main 
aisle,  at  right  angles  with  it,  their  inner  ends  joining  an  aisle 
which  ran  parallel  to  the  main  thoroughfare. 

Against  the  east  wall  were  installed  the  exhibits  of  the  Insti- 
tution proper,  the  Bureau  of  International  Exchanges,  the  Na- 
tional Zoological  Park,  and  the  Astrophysical  Observatory. 

In  the  center  of  the  north  hall  was  the  exhibit  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology.  The  remainder  of  the  entire  space  was  devoted 
to  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum. 

In  the  windows  were  transparencies  showing  the  seal  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution;  the  Smithsonian  and  National  Museum 
buildings,  with  interior  views  of  each;  four  views  of  the  National 
Zoological  Park;  four  geological  subjects — an  Australian  coral 
reef;  the  Yosemite  Valley;  the  Devil's  Tower,  in  Wyoming;  and 
the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs;  four  zoological  subjects — a  deep- 
sea  fish,  a  cuttlefish,  a  hydroid,  and  sea  lilies;  and  eight  ethno- 
logical subjects. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

A  complete  set  of  the  publications  of  the  Institution,  including 
those  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  and  the  National  Museum, 
formed  one  of  the  principal  features  of  the  exhibit.  Adjoining 
this  was  an  exhibit  of  title-pages  and  some  of  the  more  important 
illustrations  in  these  publications. 

Portraits  of  James  Smithson,  the  founder  of  the  Institution; 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  28. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  101 

of  Secretaries  Joseph  Henry,  Spencer  Fullerton  Baird,  and 
Samuel  Pierpont  Langley;  and  of  the  late  George  Brown  Goode, 
assistant  secretary,  were  hung  upon  the  wall. 

In  a  separate  case  were  displayed  examples  of  the  medals 
awarded  in  1895  to  writers  of  essays  competing  for  the  Hodgkins 
Fund  prizes,  together  with  copies  of  the  prize  memoirs  which  had 
been  published.  The  case  also  contained  a  photograph  of  Mr. 
Hodgkins,  who,  in  1891,  bequeathed  $200,000  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  one-half  of  the  amount  to  be  applied  to 
investigations  connected  with  atmospheric  problems. 

On  the  wall  adjacent  was  a  cast  of  the  memorial  tablet  which 
had  recently  been  placed,  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  on 
the  tomb  of  Smithson,  in  Genoa,  Italy. 

Two  enlarged  photographs  of  Secretary  S.  P.  Langley's 
prodrome  (flying  machine),  which  twice  flew  over  one-half 
mile,  on  May  6,  1896,  near  Quantico,  Va.,  were  also  exhibited. 
The  photographs  were  of  different  views  of  the  machine  and 
two-fifths  its  actual  size. 

BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY. 

The  exhibit  of  this  Bureau  consisted  of  a  miniature  of  one- 
half  of  a  Kiowa  camping  circle,  the  material  for  which  was  col- 
lected by  Mr.  James  Mooney,  of  the  Bureau. 

The  entire  display  was  the  work  of  Kiowa  Indians,  the 
insignias  emblazoned  on  the  tepees  and  shields  being  executed 
almost  without  exception  by  those  inheriting  them.  This  abo- 
riginal tribe  is  now  the  only  representative  of  a  distinct  stock  or 
linguistic  family  of  primitive  people. 

Owing  to  the  restricted  space  available,  the  skin  tents  were 
reduced  from  16  to  18  feet  in  height  to  about  2^  feet,  while 
their  number  was  reduced  from  about  150  (half  of  the  300 
or  more  tents  forming  the  entire,  circle)  to  25,  in  addition  to 
the  ceremonial  lodges  of  the  interior. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  and  installed  by  Mr.  Mooney  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  W  J  McGee. 


IO2  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK. 

This  park,  which  is  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  is  in 
the  famous  Rock  Creek  Valley,  adjoining  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton. Its  extent  and  topography  were  well  shown  in  the  model 
exhibited,  on  which  the  buildings,  roadways,  and  bridges,  and 
the  woods,  the  creek,  and  other  natural  features  were  faithfully 
represented. 

In  the  windows  along  the  Smithsonian  section  were  transpar- 
encies of  some  of  the  points  of  interest  in  the  park,  such  as  the 
Carnivora  house,  the  bridge,  a  buffalo,  etc.  There  were  also 
exhibited  three  water-color  paintings  and  one  drawing,  illus- 
trating other  attractive  points  in  the  park. 

BUREAU  OF  INTERNATIONAL  EXCHANGES. 

A  complete  set  of  the  publications  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment for  one  year  was  exhibited.  Fifty  similar  sets  are 
distributed  annually  by  the  Bureau  to  libraries  throughout  the 
world. 

On  the  wall  was  a  large  map  .showing  the  geographical  distri- 
bution of  the  correspondents  of  the  institution,  twenty-four 
thousand  in  number,  as  entered  on  the  registers  of  the  Bureau. 

Near  the  map  was  a  diagram  illustrating  the  number  of  pub- 
lications, including  books  and  pamphlets,  interchanged  between 
each  State  and  Territory  in  the  United  States  and  foreign  coun- 
tries during  the  ten  years  preceding  January  i,  1896. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  I.  Adams. 

ASTROPHYSICAL   OBSERVATORY. 

The  exhibit  of  the  observatory  consisted  of  photographs  of 
the  exterior  and  interior  of  the  building  and  of  principal  instru- 
ments, such  as  the  siderostat,  galvanometer,  spectrometer,  and 
water- jacketed  bolometer  and. rheostat.  Enlarged  photographs 
of  portions  of  the  spectrum  of  the  sun  were  also  exhibited. 
With  these  objects  was  a  bolometer,  or  electrical  thermometer, 
of  extreme  delicacy,  the  invention  of  Secretary  S.  P.  Langley. 

The  observatory  is  on  the  grounds  south  of  the  Smithsonian 
building,  in  Washington. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  29. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  103 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

As  already  stated,  the  exhibit  of  the  National  Museum  was 
of  far  greater  extent  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  Smithsonian 
bureaus. 

Two  objects  were  kept  in  mind  in  its  organization  : 

( I . )  To  show  as  far  as  possible  the  extensive  scope  of  the 
Museum. 

(2.)  To  indicate  the  manner  in  which  the  collections  are 
arranged,  labeled,  and  displayed  in  the  Museum  building  in 
Washington. 

In  carrying  out  the  first  idea  it  was  necessary  to  exhibit  a 
small  number  of  objects  from  many  different  kinds  of  collec- 
tions, which  had  a  certain  disadvantage  in  a  space  so  compara- 
tively small,  as  the  bringing  into  close  proximity  of  objects  not 
nearly  related  could  not  be  avoided.  It  was  impracticable  to 
show  all  the  different  classes  of  objects  in  the  Museum,  for  lack 
of  space. 

The  greater  portion  of  labels,  cases,  stands,  bases,  back- 
grounds, and  other  fittings  and  furniture  were  from  the  regular 
stock  of  the  Museum,  although  a  few  methods  of  installation 
entirely  novel  were  introduced  for  the  first  time  in  connection 
with  the  exhibit. 

DEPARTMENT   OP   MAMMALS. 

This  department  exhibited  in  two  cases  an  interesting  order  of 
mammals  known  as  the  lemurs  — monkey-like  animals — espe- 
cially characteristic  of  the  Island  of  Madagascar,  but  having 
representatives  on  the  continents  of  Africa  and  Asia.  The 
group  comprised  about  thirty-five  species,  of  which  eighteen 
were  shown.  Especially  remarkable  is  the  aye-aye  (so  called 
from  its  cry),  which  was  long  a  puzzle  to  zoologists  on  account 
of  the  peculiarities  of  its  structure.  The  tarsiers  are  also  very 
singular  lemurs,  notable  especially  for  the  great  size  of  their 
eyes.  Two  species  are  comparatively  well  known,  one  of  which 
( Tarsius  spectruni)  was  represented  in  the  collection. 

On  the  walls  were  casts  of  heads  of  the  porpoises  known  as 
mosoplodon,  kogia,  ziphias,  and  of  the  New  Zealand  whale, 


104  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

neobalaena,   the   smallest   and   rarest   of   the   true   whalebone 
whales. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  and  installed  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  F.  W.  True,  by  Mr.  William  Palmer. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   BIRDS. 

The  birds  were  exhibited  in  four  cases  on  the  main  aisle,  one 
of  which  contained  a  representation  of  the  parrot  family,  and 
the  other  a  faunal  collection  from  British  Guiana,  South 
America. 

Parrots. — This  collection  comprised  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
four  specimens,  representing  about  one  hundred  species,  or  about 
one-fifth  of  those  that  are  known.  All  the  family  groups  were 
represented  and  the  more  important  genera,  so  that  the  collec- 
tion was  a  fair  exhibit  of  the  order. 

Birds  of  Guiana. — This  exhibit  represented  a  tropical  bird 
fauna  notable  for  bright  colors  and  peculiar  forms.  It  was,  of 
course,  very  incomplete,  as  it  was  impracticable  to  show  all  of 
the  eight  hundred  or  nine  hundred  species  which  are  in  Guiana. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Robert  Ridgway,  assisted 
by  Mr.  C.  W.  Richmond. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   REPTILES   AND    BATRACHIANS. 

The  exhibit  of  this  department  consisted  of  a  group  of  the 
poisonous  snakes  of  the  United  States,  in  connection  with  which 
was  shown  the  important  illustrated  memoir  upon  ' '  The  Poi- 
sonous Snakes  of  North  America,"  by  Dr.  Leonard  Stejneger, ' 
which  had  recently  been  published  by  the  Museum,  and  a  group 
of  the  fresh-water  and  land  tortoises  of  North  America.  A  cast 
of  the  head  of  a  loggerhead  turtle  was  also  included.  The 
specimens  had  been  brought  together  from  widely  separated 
localities. 

The  following  species  were  represented: 

POISONOUS  SNAKES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Diamond  rattlesnake,  Crotalus  adamanteus,  Southeastern  States. 
Banded  rattlesnake,  Crotalus  horridus,  Eastern  States,  south  to  Florida 
and  the  Mexican  Gulf,  west  to  Kansas. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  30. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  105 

Prairie  rattlesnake,  Crotalus  confluentus,  Great  Plains. 
Western  diamond  rattlesnake,  Crotalus  atrox,  Southern  United  States, 
from  Texas  to  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Southern  ground  rattlesnake,  Sistrurus  miliarius,  Southeastern  States. 
Copperhead,  Agkistrodon  contortrix,  Eastern  and  Southern  States.- 

The  group  of  tortoises  included  the  following  species: 

NORTH   AMERICAN   TORTOISES. 

Gopher,  Gopherus  polyphemus,  Florida. 

Agassiz's  gopher,  Gopherus  agassizii,  Arizona  and  southern  California. 

Berlandier's  gopher,  Gopherus  berlandieri,  western  Texas. 

Box  tortoise,  Terrapene  Carolina,  Eastern  States. 

Western  box  tortoise,  Terrapene  ornata,  Central  States. 

Blanding's  tortoise,  Emydoidea  blangingii,  Massachusetts  to  northern 
Illinois. 

Wood  tortoise,  Clemmys  marmorata,  California. 

Elegant  terrapin,  Trachemys  elegans,  Central  and  Southern  States. 

Yellow-bellied  terrapin,  Trachemys  scripta,  Southeastern  States. 

Florida  terrapin,  Pseudemys  fl or idana,  Florida. 

Neat  terrapin,  Pseudemys  concinna,  North  Carolina  to  Texas. 

Red -bellied  terrapin,  Pseudemys  rubriventris,  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Painted  turtle,  Chrysemys  picta,  Eastern  States. 

Diamond-back  terrapin,  Malaclemys  centrata,  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 

Baur's  terrapin,  Graptemys pulchra,  Southeastern  States. 

Snapping  turtle,  Chelydra  serpentina,  North  America,  sast  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Mud  turtle,  Kinosteron  pensilvanicum ,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Soft-shelled  turtle,  Platypeltisferox,  Florida. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   FISHES. 

This  department  showed  a  selected  series  of  fishes  of  the  deep 
sea,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  comprehensive  work  on 
Oceanic  Ichthyology,  by  the  late  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode  and 
Dr.  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  published  a  few  months  previous  to  the 
Exposition  as  a  special  bulletin  of  the  Museum. 

The  exhibit  was  supplemented  by  a  small  number  of  casts  of 
North  American  fishes  painted  in  life  colors  and  forming  part 
of  an  extensive  series  in  the  Museum. 

Deep-sea  fishes. — The  fishes  of  the  deep  sea  form  a  fauna  dis- 
tinct from  that  of  the  shallow  waters  of  the  coast.  Many  of  the 
forms  are  extremely  grotesque  and  are  profoundly  modified  for 


io6  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

life  at  great  depths.  One  of  the  most  peculiar  of  these  was 
shown  as  a  transparency  in  one  of  the  windows.  It  is  known 
as  Linophryne  lucifer.  When  brought  up  to  the  surface  of  the 
water,  these  fishes  are  usually  in  bad  condition,  owing  to  the 
sudden  decrease  in  pressure.  Many  of  them  possess  numerous 
phosphorescent  spots  on  the  sides  and  elsewhere,  which  doubt- 
less shed  light  about  them  in  the  darkness  of  the  ocean  depths. 
The  following  fishes  were  represented  by  casts: 

CASTS   OF  AMERICAN   FISHES. 

Calico  bass,  Pomoxys  sparoides, 
Sun-fish,  Lepomis  pallidus. 
Dolphin,  Coryphtzna  hippurus. 
Mangrove  snapper,  Lutjanus  stearnsi. 
Sea  robin,  Prionotus  evolans. 
Redmouth  grunt,  Hcemulon  afctiatum. 
Cagon  de  lo  Alto,  Rhomboplites  aurorubens. 
Grouper,  Epinephelus  drummond-hayi, 
Scup,  Stenotomus  chrysops. 
Hog-fish,  Lachnolcsmus  maximus. 
Parrot-fish,  Pseudoscarus  guacamai. 
Rosy  rock-fish,  Helicolenus  maderensis 
Brook  trout,  Salvelinus  fontinalis. 
Cavalla,  Caranx  hippos. 
Sucking-fish,  Echeneis  naucrates. 
Eelpout,  Zoarces  anguillaris. 
Four-spotted  flounder,  Paralichthys  oblongus. 
Cow-fish,  Ostracion  quadricorne. 

The  exhibit  was  arranged  by  Mr.  B.  A.  Bean. 

DEPARTEKNT   OF   MOLLUSKS. 

This  exhibit  was  in  two  table  cases  and  represented,  as  far  as 
space  permitted,  the  families  of  mollusks  and  brachiopods.  It 
also  contained  illustrations  of  the  utilization  of  materials  derived 
from  mollusks-;  such  as  pearl  shell,  cameo,  etc.  Under  each 
family  a  few  species  were  given  to  illustrate  the  group,  except- 
ing those  in  which  there  is  no  solid  shell  and  which  therefore 
could  not  be  exhibited  in  a  dry  condition.  The  classification 
used  was  that  adopted  in  the  national  collection. 

Utilisation  of  mollusks. — This  series  included  pearls;   cameo 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  31. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  107 

shells  of  various  sorts;  specimens  illustrating  the  formation  of 
pearl  in  the  shell — both  fresh-water  and  marine  pearl  mussels 
deprived  of  their  outer  coating  so  as  to  show  the  pearly  sub- 
stratum; and  manufactured  articles  such  as  buttons  and  other 
objects  made  from  pearl-bearing  shells,  of  which  specimens  both 
in  the  natural  condition  and  decorticated  so  as  to  show  the 
shelly  layer  and  the  manufactured  state,  were  exhibited. 

Byssus  of  the  Wing -shell. — A  somewhat  rare  curiosity  was  a 
specimen  of  the  silky  byssus  of  the  pinna,  or  wing-shell,  of 
the  Mediterranean,  woven  by  the  nuns  of  Naples  into  a  glove 
resembling  silk. 

In  one  of  the  windows  was  a  transparency  of  a  cuttlefish, 
Octopus  verrucosus;  and  suspended  from  the  ceiling  were  large 
casts  of  an  octopus  and  a  giant  squid. 

The  selections  for  the  exhibit  were  made  by  Mr.  C.  T.  Simp- 
son, under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   INSECTS. 

This  display  occupied  one  side  of  two  cases,  and  was  included 
in  sixteen  trays.  It  was,  of  course,  very  far  from  complete 
either  as  an  exhibit  of  insects  or  as  an  illustration  of  the  wealth 
cf  material  in  the  entomological  collections  of  the  Museum. 

Two  different  series  were  shown — a  systematic  series  and  a 
series  illustrating  protective  and  aggressive  resemblance  and 
mimicry;  the  imitation  in  form  or  color,  or  both,  of  objects 
met  with  in  their  surroundings,  and  the  imitation  in  form  and 
color  of  other  insects. 

Systematic  series. — This  series  was  included  in  twelve  trays, 
and  represented  the  more  conspicuous  insects  of  Tennessee  and 
neighboring  States,  arranged  according  to  their  scientific  classi- 
fication. The  lepidoptera  were  more  fully  represented  than  any 
other  order,  since  the  species  are  generally  large  and  showy  and 
well  adapted  for  exhibition  purposes.  .  Six  trays  were  devoted 
to  this  order.  The  modern  orders,  corresponding  to  the  older 
order  neuroptera,  were  exhibited  in  one  tray,  and  the  remaining 
five  trays  were  taken  up  with  the  orders  hymenoptera,  coleop- 
tera,  hemiptera,  diptera,  and  orthoptera.  All  of  the  smaller 


1 08  Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition . 

species  were  omitted,  as  the}7  could  be  studied  only  with  the 
aid  of  a  microscope  or  by  means  of  illustrations. 

Protective  and  aggressive  resemblance  and  mimicry. — This  series 
occupied  four  trays,  and  was  divided  into  seven  groups.  It  con- 
sisted of  specimens  illustrating  the  following  phases  of  resem- 
blance and  mimicry: 

(1)  General  protective  resemblance  (insects  having  a  general 
resemblance  to  their  surroundings,  in  color). 

(2)  Special  protective  resemblance  (insects  resembling  special 
objects  in  their  surroundings,  both  in  form  and  color). 

(3)  General  aggressive  resemblance  (carnivorous  insects  hav- 
ing a  general  resemblance  to  their  surroundings  in  color,  thereby 
enabling  them  to  more  easily  approach  their  prey). 

(4)  Special  aggressive  resemblance  (carnivorous  insects  re- 
sembling in  form  and  color  some  special  object  in  their  sur- 
roundings). 

(5)  Protective  mimicry  (insects  which,  for  their  own  protec- 
tion, mimic  other  insects  having  some  special  means  of  defense — 
such  as  a  sting  or  noxious  odor — and  which  for  that  reason  are 
avoided  by  birds,  lizards,  etc. ). 

(6)  Aggressive  mimicry  (insects  which  resemble  other  in- 
sects in  order  to  approach  or  cohabit  with  them,  either  preying 
directly  upon  them  or  as  parasites  upon  their  larvae). 

(7)  Warning  colors  (insects  which  are  already  protected  by 
a  sting,  or  in  some  other  way,  but  which  have,  in  addition,  some 
bright   or   conspicuous  color,   in  order  to  warn   insectivorous 
animals  from  attacking  them). 

The  collection  was  arranged  by  the  late  Mr.  Martin  L. 
L,innell,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   MARINE    INVERTEBRATES. 

This  department  has  to  do  chiefly  with  the  many  groups  of 
invertebrate  animals  that  inhabit  seas  and  rivers,  with  the 
exception  of  mollusks,  which,  on  account  of  their  great  variety, 
are  placed  in  a  separate  department.  The  groups  selected  for 
exhibition  were  the  echinoderms  (or  sea-urchins  and  their  allies), 
the  corals,  and  the  sponges.  A  representative  series  of  each 
class  was  shown. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  32. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  109 

The  sponges  or  porifera  were  principally  from  the  Bast  Indian 
region,  and  exhibited  in  a  wide  range  those  species  which, 
although  graceful  in  form,  are  not  used  for  commercial  purposes. 

The  corals  were  also  chiefly  from  the  Indo-Pacific.  The 
diversity  of  form  was  the  prominent  feature. 

The  echinoderms  were  arranged  more  systematically  than  was 
found  practicable  with  the  other  invertebrates  of  this  depart- 
ment. 

Among  the  transparencies  in  the  windows  were  those  of  a 
sea-lily,  Pentacrinus  decorus,  hydroid,  Acanthocladium  huxleyi, 
and  an  enlargement  of  a  specimen  of  Globigerina  bulloides  (a 
species  of  foraminifera). 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  and  installed  by  Mr.  James  H. 
Benedict. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   COMPARATIVE    ANATOMY. 

From  this  department  two  series  were  selected,  one  showing 
the  modification  of  the  limbs  of  animals  for  different  modes  of 
life,  and  another  representing  the  structure  of  the  human  brain. 

Modification  of  limbs. — A  considerable  series  of  specimens  was 
exhibited,  showing  the  general  plan  of  the  limbs  in  vertebrates 
and  the  special  modifications  by  which  they  are  adapted  for 
walking,  climbing,  swimming,  and  flying. 

The  structure  and  development  of  the  human  brain. — The 
structure,  proportions,  and  development  of  the  human  brain 
were  illustrated  by  series  of  models  showing  various  stages  in 
the  growth  of  the  brain  in  the  embryo,  and,  on  a  large  scale, 
details  of  its  structure  in  the  adult.  A  number  of  diagrammatic 
models  showed  the  comparative  bulk  of  the  brain  of  the  male 
and  female,  the  least  amount  of  brain  compatible  with  life,  the 
proportionate  amounts  of  gray  and  white  matter,  etc.  These 
models  were  supplemented  by  a  small  series  of  skulls  illustrat- 
ing the  diversity  of  form  found  in  various  races  of  man. 

Crocodiles. — Above  the  cases  was  a  skeleton  of  the  gavial,  or 
narrow-beaked  crocodile  of  the  Ganges,  erroneously  supposed  to 
be  a  "  man-eater,"  and  a  very  large  skull  of  the  true  man-eating 
crocodile,  Crocodilus forosus. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  and  arranged  by  Mr.  F.  A.  I^ucas. 


no  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PALEONTOLOGY. 

This  exhibit  occupied  one  side  of  three  cases,  and  was  in- 
tended to  show  the  character  of  the  collections  in  the  depart- 
ment, and  the  manner  in  which  they  are  arranged,  mounted, 
and  labeled.  Only  the  best  preserved  specimens,  from  which 
the  adhering  rock  had  been  removed  by  careful  working  with 
tools  and  chemicals,  were  exhibited.  The  trilobites  and  cri- 
noids  were  mounted  on  encaustic  tiles,  in  preference  to  wood, 
paper,  or  slate  tablets. 

The  groups  of  fossils  represented  were: 

1 i )  A  collection  of  fossil  fishes  from  the  very  ancient  both- 
riolepis  to  modern  bony  fishes,  like  the  shad. 

(2)  A  synoptic  collection  of  trilobites,  a  group  of  crab-like 
animals,  of  which  all  forms  became  extinct  subsequent  to  the 
coal  period.     This  collection  was  prepared  to  show  the  struc- 
ture, geological  development,  and  grouping  of  the  various  forms 
into  families  and  orders. 

(3)  A  synoptic  collection  of  fossil  crinoids  or  "sea  lilies." 
The  specimens  were   selected  and  grouped  by  Mr.  Charles 

Schuchert. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   GEOLOGY. 

In  two  cases  there  was  exhibited  a  collection  illustrating  the 
occurrence  and  association  of  gold  and  silver  in  nature,  thus 
described  by  Dr.  George  P.  Merrill: 

The  exhibition  begins  with  specimens  showing  both  the  native  metals  and 
their  compounds  in  the  condition  of  greatest  natural  purity.  This  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of  the  same  compounds  with  their  characteristic  associa- 
tions, but  in  which  the  metal-bearing  portions  are  still  plainly  evident,  and 
this  in  turn  by  a  third  series  showing  selected  types  of  ores  as  mined,  but 
in  which,  as  a  rule,  the  metal  or  its  compounds  are  scarcely  discernible. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  while  gold,  aside  from  its  native 
form,  enters  as  an  essential  constituent  into  less  than  half  a  dozen  known 
minerals,  silver  occurs  in  upwards  of  six  times  as  many.  Thus  gold,  aside 
from  its  natural  alloys  with  silver  (electrum),  bismuth  and  palladium,  is 
found  in  chemical  combination  with  other  elements  only  in  the  minerals 
petzite,  sylvanite,  krennerite,  and  nagyagite.  Silver,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  found  native,  as  an  alloy  with  gold  (electrum)  or  mercury  (amalgam), 
and  also  as  an  essential  element  in  compounds  forming  nearly  forty  min- 
eral species  more  or  less  well  defined. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  33. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  1 1 1 

Several  of  these  compounds  are  very  rare,  and  not  at  present  included 
in  the  series  exhibited. 

It  is  further  to  be  noted  that  while  both  gold  and  silver  occur  either  as 
native  or  in  compounds  of  such  size  as  to  be  easily  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 
the  great  majority  of  ores  of  either  metal  are  composed  in  a  large  part  of 
other  substances  with  which  the  metal  is  so  finely  and  intimately  admixed 
as  to  be  invisible  and  determinable  only  by  chemical  means,  or  where  it 
occurs  as  a  replaced  constituent  with  other  elements.  Thus  the  most 
common  form  of  gold  ore  is  an  auriferous  pyrite,  while  the  most  common 
silver  ore  is  an  argentiferous  galena. 

In  the  series  as  exhibited,  attention  is  called,  first,  to  the  native  gold; 
that  is,  the  gold  found  in  the  metallic  state  in  nature,  as  displayed  in  the 
form  of  nuggets,  leaf  gold,  wire  gold,  and  gold  dust  from  various  localities; 
second,  to  the  compounds  of  gold  with  silver,  tellurium,  antimony,  and 
sulphur  as  showrn,  in  the  minerals  petzite,  sylvanite,  krennerite,  and  nag- 
yagite;  third,  to  the  occurrence  of  the  native  metal  with  its  associates, 
either  as  dust  or  nuggets  in  sand  and  gravel,  or  impregnating  quartz,  slate, 
calcite,  and  other  minerals  forming  the  characteristic  gangue,  and  lastly, 
to  the  series  of  gold  ores,  representing  the  metal-bearing  rocks  as  usually 
mined,  and  which,  while,  as  above  noted,  showing  no  trace,  on  casual 
inspection  of  the  precious  metal,  nevertheless,  contain  it  in  sufficient 
amount  to  render  its  extraction  by  chemical  or  mechanical  means  a  profit- 
able industry. 

The  silver-bearing  series  is  arranged  in  a  similar  manner.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  while  gold  is  common  in  deposits  of  sand  and  gravel,  as  "placer 
gold,"  silver  very  rarely  occurs  in  this  form,  and  is  represented  here  only 
by  the  silver-bearing  sandstone  from  Washington  County,  Utah.  Native 
silver  in  the  form  of  ' '  wire  "  or  "  moss ' '  silver  is,  however,  comparatively 
common,  as  shown  in  the  specimens  from  Mexico  and  Saxony.  Some  of 
the  silver-bearing  compounds  are  .of  great  beauty,  as  illustrated  in  the  ruby 
silvers  proustite  and  pyrargyrite. 

In  addition  to  the  general  series,  a  number  of  casts  of  excep- 
tionally large  and  interesting  nuggets  of  gold  and  silver  was 
arrayed  in  a  separate  case.  Each  cast  was  accompanied  by  a 
descriptive  label. 

In  the  windows  were  transparencies  showing  an  Australian 
coral  reef,  and  views  from  the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  the  Yose- 
mite  Valley,  and  the  Devil's  Tower  in  Wyoming. 

The  specimens  were  selected  and  prepared  by  Dr.  G.  P. 
Merrill,  and  installed  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Newhall. 


H2  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   MINERALS. 

The  exhibit  of  this  department  consisted  of  a  series  of  about 
five  hundred  specimens,  selected  and  labeled  to  illustrate  the 
several  properties  or  characters  of  minerals.  The  general  plan 
of  arrangement  will  be  understood  from  the  synopsis  here  pre- 
sented. 

(1)  Chemical  mineralogy:    Types  of  minerals. — Variation  in 
composition.     Relation  of  water  to  composition.     Relation  of 
composition  to  physical  properties. 

(2)  Physical  mineralogy:   The  crystal. — The  crystallographic 
axes.     Crystal  systems.     Compound  crystals.     Imperfections  of 
crystals.      Crystalline  aggregates.      Pleomorphs.      Isomorphs. 
Pseudomorphs  (a),  by  substitution;   (£),  by  deposition;   (c\  by 
alteration.     Cleavage.     Fracture.    Tenacity.    Hardness.     Color 
(a),  essential  color;    (#),  nonessential  color;    (V),  varieties  of 
color.     Luster.     Diaphaneity.     Fusibility. 

Special  attention  was  called  to  the  order  of  arrangement.  The 
several  specimens  illustrating  the  chemical  and  physical  prop- 
erties of  minerals  were  to  be  studied  from  left  to  right,  begin- 
ning with  the  upper  left-hand  corner  and  regarding  each 
quadrant  of  the  case  as  a  unit. 

The  exhibit  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Wirt  Tassin,  who 
prepared  it: 

Proceeding  from  left  to  right,  chemical  mineralogy,  which  treats  of 
those  properties  relating  to  chemical  composition  of  atomic  structure  of  a 
mineral;  and  the  chemical  relations  of  the  several  kinds  of  minerals,  is 
illustrated  by  184  specimens.  It  will  be  observed  that  in  accordance  with 
certain  chemical  laws  all  minerals  may  be  grouped  under  certain  promi- 
nent types  or  classes;  and  further,  that  although  the  individuals  included 
under  these  types  are  regarded  as  having  primarily  a  certain  definite 
chemical  composition,  this  ideal  condition  is  not  always  present,  and  the 
composition  of  any  one  kind  of  mineral  may  vary  within  wide  limits. 
This  variation  may  be  due  to  certain  chemical  causes  as  shown  by  the 
labels  and  specimens.  Finally,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  several  physical 
properties  of  minerals,  such  as  form,  hardness,  density,  color,  etc.,  are 
functions  of  their  chemical  composition. 

Physical  mineralogy,  which  treats  of  those  properties  relating  to  form 
or  molecular  structure  of  a  mineral,  and  the  action  of  the  various  physical 
forces  upon  the  several  kinds  of  minerals,  is  illustrated  by  315  specimens. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  113 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  a  chemically  homogenous  body  is  its  tend- 
ency to  assume  certain  polyhedral  forms,  and  this  is  especially  character- 
istic of  minerals.  These  regularly  bounded  solids  are  known  as  crystals, 
and  are  a  consequence  of  the  action  of  certain  physical  laws;  and  in 
accordance  with  these  laws  may  be  grouped  under  certain  types  or  sys- 
tems. The  manifold  character  of  crystalline  forms,  their  combinations, 
their  distortions,  imperfections,  irregularities,  and  their  aggregations  in 
various  imitative  shapes  are  also  illustrated.  Many  minerals  may  also 
present  a  form  characteristic,  not  of  their  own,  but  of  some  other  sub- 
stance. These  false  forms  are  known  as  pseudomorphs,  and  are  of  three 
kinds,  substitution,  deposition,  and  alteration.  The  remainder  of  the 
series  consists  of  specimens  illustrating  th  _•  characters  resulting  from  the 
action  of  the  various  physical  forces,  such  as  light,  cohesion,  mass,  heat, 
etc. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   ETHNOLOGY. 

The  ethnological  exhibit  consisted  of  two  parts: 

(1)  An  exhibit  of  the  home  life  and  industries  of  the  Eskimo. 

(2)  An  exhibition  of  the  domestic  life  and  arts  of  the  Pueblo 
region. 

In  the  first  group,  the  most  conspicuous  object  was  a  house, 
similar  in  construction  to  those  occupied  by  the  natives  of 
Norton  Sound. 

It  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson  and 
was  built  of  logs  set  on  end,  the  corner  posts  being  the  larger. 
Around  these  were  placed  a  series  of  logs,  growing  shorter  with 
each  layer,  a  square  smoke  hole  being  left  at  the  peak  of  the 
roof.  The  furniture  of  the  house  consisted  of  £pbed  made  of 
driftwood,  of  a  fireplace  on  the  floor  with  a  curious  device  for 
directing  the  draught  and  smoke  out  of  the  smoke  hole,  and  a 
clay  lamp  for  lighting  the  pipe  and  other  like  domestic  purposes. 
In  the  house  were  the  lay  figures  of  a  man  and  a  woman  in  full 
native  costume,  the  latter  tending  the  fire,  the  former  watching 
her  movements  and  lighting  his  pipe.  Around  the  different 
parts  of  the  room  were  such  furniture  as  would  be  found  in  a 
native  hut.  As  the  plan  of  this  structure  was  given  by  one  who 
had  spent  a  long  time  in  the  country,  the  details  were  quite 
accurate. 

Associated  with  this  group,  and  mounted  in  separate  sliding- 
screen  cases,  were  shown  a  large  number  of  objects  connected 
with  the  life  of  the  Eskimo. 
H.  Doc.  515 8 


H4  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Case  No.  i,  fronting  the  group,  contained  masks  carved  from 
driftwood  and  ornamented  with  feathers.  These  masks  are  used 
in  the  dramas  of  the  Eskimo  during  the  long  winter  season, 
when  the  sun  has  left  the  Arctic  region.  On  the  back  of  this 
same  case  were  shown  examples  of  the  needlework  of  the  Arctic 
tribes.  They  included  beaded  work  from  Greenland,  exhibiting 
the  Scandinavian  influence,  because  for  many  centuries  this 
part  of  the  new  world  has  been  dominated  by  Europeans  from 
that  area;  a  complete  suit  for  a  man  made  of  different  furs  cut 
in  strips,  which  were  inserted  to  produce  various  pleasing  pat- 
terns; a  full  suit  of  man's  clothing  from  Ungava,  north  of  Labra- 
dor, made  of  reindeer  skin,  the  hair  being  removed;  a  deerskin 
suit  for  winter  wear,  made  from  the  skin  of  the  caribou  with  the 
hair  on. 

Case  No.  2  contained  an  exhibit  of  the  various  types  of  bas- 
ketry on  the  Pacific  coast  of  American  chain  and  Alaska  south- 
ward to  the  borders  of  the  United  States.  In  the  Eskimo  area 
of  Alaska  two  styles  of  basket  making  are  practiced — twined 
work  and  coiled  work,  such,  as  found  farther  south.  Passing 
farther  southward  to  the  archipelago  of  Alaska  many  types  of 
weaving  exist;  namely,  the  plain  checker  in  cedar  barks,  twilled 
work  in  spruce  root,  and  grass,  either  plain  or  embroidered  or 
twilled,  in  close  work  or  open  work. 

On  the  northwestern  boundary  of  the  United  States  new  types 
of  texture  cotne  into  vogue,  and  these  were  represented  in  the 
collections  in  this  case. 

In  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the  United  States  begins 
that  great  variety  of  stocks  or  families  of  Indians  which  line  the 
coast  as  far  down  as  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands.  In  each  one  of 
these  families  special  types  of  weaving  and  basketry  are  to  be 
found.  One  type,  called  the  bird-cage  pattern,  is  confined  to 
Cape  Flattery.  Another  type  called  imbricated,  of  great  rarity, 
is  peculiar  to  the  Salish  and  Kootenai  tribes  of  our  northern 
boundary. 

Farther  south,  in  Oregon  and  California,  are  the  beautiful 
grass  and  root  baskets  of  the  Klamath,  Porno,  Hupa,  Ukiah, 
and  other  tribes,  rivaling  in  fineness  the  productions  of  any 
other  people  in  the  world. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  115 

The  southern  portion  of  this  coast  area  of  basketry  is  charac- 
terized by  coiled  ware  rather  than  twilled  ware.  All  the  south- 
ern tribes  make  their  cooking  vessels  and  eating  vessels  of  this 
peculiar  stitch. 

Case  No.  3  was  devoted  to  the  work  of  the  Eskimo  and  their 
neighbors  in  skins  and  other  animal  products,  such  as  work- 
bags  for  women,  tobacco  pouches,  tool  bags,  belts,  made  from 
the  skins  of  seal  and  other  animals,  with  or  without  the  fur, 
and  also  from  the  intestines  of  the  seal,  sewed  with  sinew  and 
decorated  with  feathers  and  worsted. 

Case  No.  4  illustrated  the  traveling  devices  of  the  Eskimo. 
Snowshoes  of  coarse  texture  used  by  the  tribes  farthest  north 
and  in  out-of-the-way  places,  and  those  with  footing  of  sinew, 
finely  twisted  and  woven,  similar  to  those  in  use  by  the  Atha- 
bascan tribes  in  the  neighborhood,  were  shown;  also  models  of 
boats.  These  exist  in  two  types,  the  kaiak,  or  hunting  canoe, 
and  the  umiak,  or  woman's  boat,  which  is  practically  the 
freight  boat  when  they  are  moving  from  place  to  place.  There 
were  also  to  be  seen  in  this  case  the  tools  used  by  the  Eskimo 
in  digging  in  the  ice  and  removing  snow  and  broken  ice. 

On  the  opposite  side  to  that  in  which  the  Eskimo  material 
was  installed  was  the  Pueblo  collection.  The  chief  exhibit  in 
this  area  was  a  company  of  Moki  females  grinding  corn  and 
making  bread.  (Case  No.  5.) 

The  Moki  inhabit  a  series  of  Pueblo,  collectively  called  Tu- 
sayan,  in  northeastern  Arizona. 

In  association  with  this  group  of  breadmakers  were  examples 
of  the  objects  used  in  the  industrial  and  social  life  of  the 
Tusayan  and  other  Pueblo  people.  Their  arts  predominate  in 
the  technical  life  of  all  these  Pueblo  tribes;  namely,  their 
basketry,  their  pottery,  and  their  weaving. 

Case  No.  6  was  devoted  to  the  display  of  the  various  kindi 
of  weaving  employed  in  the  Pueblo  region. 

Case  No.  7  contained  examples  of  pottery  from  Pueblos  in 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  showed  a  variety  of  shapes, 
colors,  and  decorations  in  cups,  bowls,  vases,  and  animal  forms. 
The  most  interesting  features  of  these  vessels  are  the  decorations 


n6  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

on  the  surface,  which  are  partly  geometrical  and  are  allied, 
doubtless,  to  forms  in  basketry  and  in  textiles,  and  partly  those 
forms  which  are  derived  from  sociological  and  mythical  motives. 
The  ware  is  for  use  and  ornament;  for  water  carrying,  for  water 
storing,  and  for  water  boiling,  and  also  for  ceremonial  and 
domestic  purposes. 

Case  No.  8:  On  one  side  was  exhibited  (in  comparison  and 
contrast  with  the  textile  art  of  the  Pueblo  tribes)  the  bead\vork 
and  substitutes  for  textile  work  among  tribes  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  including  work  on  soft  buckskin, 
on  the  surface  of  hard  leather,  on  flannel  and  other  cloths  of 
European  .manufacture^  and  finally  beadwork  forming  part 
of  the  textile  art;  that  Is,  in  which  the  beads  are  not  laid  on 
the  surface  of  another  substance,  but  form  a  part  of  the  fabric, 
so  that  the  same  figure  is  shown  on  both  sides,  as  in  a  piece  of 
stained  glass. 

In  front  of  this  case  was  arranged  a  collection  of  Moki  gods 
and  dolls,  and  headdresses,  connected  with  their  religious  serv- 
ices; also  sacred  blankets  and  wrappings,  wands  and  shields, 
associated  with  the  intricate  and  dramatic  worship  of  these 
Pueblo  tribes. 

On  the  wall  above  these  exhibits  were  to  be  seen  ornamental 
shields  of  wood  on  which  were  set  large  collections  of  Eskimo 
and  African  weapons,  ornamental  paddles  of  the  north  Pacific 
coast  Indians,  and  other  decorative  objects. 

In  addition,  an  ethnological  exhibit  installed  in  thirty-two 
unit  boxes  was  displayed  in  the  annex  to  the  Woman's  build- 
ing. Each  contained  a  typical  example  of  woman's  work  in 
America,  Africa,  Polynesia,  and  a  few  from  other  regions. 

These  examples  of  woman's  work  related  to  the  arts  of  food 
gathering,  preparing,  and  serving;  of  clothing  in  its  various 
'forms  derived  from  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms,  and  of 
the  furniture  of  the  habitation.  In  addition  to  these  there  were 
exhibited  the  primitive  ideas  of  women  connected  with  form 
and  color  in  decoration. 

'  In  front  of  these  cases  were  three  cases  in  which  were  three 
American  Indian  women  in  costume:  (i)  An  Eskimo  woman 
of  Bathurst,  the  whole  costume  being  made  of  reindeer  skin, 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  34. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  117 

trimmed  with  the  fur  of  small  mammals.  (2)  A  Kiowa  woman 
in  native  costume  of  buckskin,  colored  green,  and  carrying  on 
her  back  a  cradle  or  papoose  frame  in  which  was  shown  a  child 
securely  wrapped.  (3)  A  Piute  woman  from  the  great  interior 
basin,  gathering  seeds  from  the  wild  grasses,  to  be  subsequently 
ground  and  made  into  bread. 

In  addition  to  the  specimens  and  lay  figures  shown,  there 
was,  in  connection  with  the  ethnological  exhibit,  a  collection  of 
ethnographic  transparencies  which  aided  in  the  understanding 
of  the  specimens  in  relation  to  their  environments. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  by  Dr.  O.  T.  Mason,  and  installed 
by  Mr.  T.  \V.  Sweeney. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   PREHISTORIC    ANTHROPOLOGY. 

The  exhibit  of  this  department  was  confined  to  a  display  of 
prehistoric  objects  from  foreign  countries.  This  restriction  in 
the  scope  of  the  exhibit  was  made  in  the  belief  that  the  weapons, 
implements,  and  ornaments  found  in  the  Tennessee  Valley  and 
other  sections  of  the  United  States  would  be  amply  illustrated 
in  the  various  local  exhibits  of  prehistoric  objects. 

The  Paleolithic  period  was  represented  by  specimens  from  a 
large  portion  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere — England,  France, 
Spain,  Italy,  Egypt,  Hindustan,  and  other  countries. 

The  Neolithic  period  was  represented  by  different  implements, 
principally  of  polished  stone,  from  great  areas,  some  of  which 
were  divided  according  to  function. 

Nuclei  or  cores,  flakes  and  hammer  stones,  polished  stone 
hatchets,  scrapers,  arrow  and  spear  heads,  and  similar  imple- 
ments were  shown  to  be  world-wide.  Special  attention  was 
called  to  the  similarity  of  the  polished  stone  hatchets  from  dis- 
tant and  widely  separated  countries  throughout  the  world. 

An  entire  case  was  devoted  to  a  display  of  objects  belonging 
to  the  Bronze  age.  These  began  with  the  most  primitive  imple- 
ments, as  the  plain  hatchets,  and  ultimately  included  many  other 
weapons,  implements,  utensils,  and  ornaments  of  later  date. 
Among  these  were  hatchets,  swords,  daggers,  knives,  sickles, 
fishhooks,  household  utensils,  mirrors,  combs,  thimbles,  brace- 


n8  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

lets,  fibulas,  rings,  pins,  objects,  and  ornaments  of  dress  and  for 
the  boudoir. 

The  collection  was  selected  and  arranged  by  Dr.  Thomas 
Wilson. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   ORIENTAL  ANTIQUITIES   AND   RELIGIOUS 
CEREMONIALS. 

The  exhibit  of  this  department  consisted  of  objects  intended 
to  illustrate  Brahmanism  and  Buddhism,  the  principal  religions 
of  eastern  Asia,  Mohammedanism,  the  literary  history  of  the 
Bible,  and  the  religious  ceremonials  of  the  Jews. 

Brahmanism,  which  is  the  religion  of  the  vast  millions  of 
India,  was  represented  by  a  collection  of  images  of  the  principal 
divinities  and  by  various  implements  and  paraphernalia  illustra- 
tive of  the  religious  worship,  the  ascetic  life  of  devotees,  and  the 
institution  of  caste,  which  plays  such  an  important  part  in  the 
religious  and  social  life  of  India. 

Buddhism,  which  exercises  considerable  influence  over  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Asia,  from  Ceylon  to  Japan, 
was  represented  by  several  images  of  Buddha,  its  founder,  and 
of  Buddhist  saints,  and  by  a  collection  of  musical  instruments 
and  other  objects  used  by  the  Buddhists  in  their  religious  worship. 

The  history  of  the  Bible  as  a  book  was  illustrated  by  a  collec- 
tion of  Bibles,  which  included  manuscripts  and  old  and  rare  edi- 
tions of  the  original  texts,  as  well  as  of  the  most  important  ancient 
and  modern  translations  of  the  Scripture.  The  collection  thus 
afforded  an  interest  not  only  to  Biblical  knowledge,  but  also  to 
the  study  of  paleography  and  literary  history. 

The  Jewish  religious  ceremonials  were  represented  by  a  collec- 
tion of  modern  objects  used  by  the  Jews  in  their  religious  rites, 
which  have  their  origin  in  and  are  based  upon  Biblical  ordinances. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  and  installed  by  Dr.  I.  M.  Casano- 
wicz,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler. 

SECTION  OF  TECHNOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS. 

Owing  to  the  geographical  location  of  Nashville,  it  was  thought 
that  a  presentation  of  some  of  the  early  methods  of  transporta- 
tion in  the  Southern  States  might  be  of  special  interest. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  119 

A  small  series  of  models  was  selected  to  show  the  development 
in  transportation  from  its  beginning  in  colonial  days,  when  the 
sledge  was  almost  the  only  method  of  locomotion,  to  the  intro- 
duction of  the  first  railroad  train  in  the  Southern  United  States, 
which  ran  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad  in  1831. 

A  rigged  model  of  the  Savannah,  the  first  steamship  to  cross 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  was  also  included  in  this  exhibit.  The 
Savannah  sailed  from  the  city  of  that  name,  one  of  the  most 
important  ports  in  the  Southern  States,  in  the  year  1819. 

From  the  section  of  naval  architecture  was  selected  a  model 
of  a  full-rigged  ship.  A  birch-bark  canoe  from  California  was 
included  in  this  exhibit.  In  order  to  make  plain  to  the  visitors 
the  nomenclature  of  the  ropes,  spars,  sails,  etc. ,  over  four  hun- 
dred labels  were  attached  to  as  many  different  parts  of  the 
model. 

From  the  electrical  collection  was  sent  a  series  representing 
the  early  instruments  of  Franklin,  Henry,  Morse,  Vail,  and 
Page,  and  illustrating  the  development  of  the  motor  and  tele- 
graph from  the  beginnings  of  knowledge  concerning  static  elec- 
tricity to  the  more  recent  discoveries  in  electro-magnetism.  A 
full-sized  model  of  the  large  electro-magnet,  which  was  con- 
structed in  1831  for  Yale  College  by  Joseph  Henry  (the  first 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution),  was  placed  on  the 
case  containing  the  electrical  collection. 

The  selections  for  the  exhibit  were  made  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Watkins. 

SECTION   OF   HISTORICAL   RELICS,   COINS,   AND   MEDALS. 

The  collection  of  coins  and  medals  wras  exhibited  in  two  table 
cases  and  included: 

1 i )  The  principal  coins  in  use  in  the  North  American  colonies 
from  1625  to  the  establishment  of  the  United  States  Mint  in 
1793,  and  types  of  the  later  coinage  of  the  country. 

(2)  Medals  commemorative  of  events  in  the  colonial  history 
of  the  country  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  and  the  war  of 
1812. 

(3)  Medallic  portraits  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States. 
Among  the  most  interesting  coins  shown  were  the  ' '  Pine  and 


i2o  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Oak  Tree"  shillings  of  1652,  the  "Mark  Newby"  penny,  the 
"Rosa  Americana"  penny,  the  Continental  dollar  of  1776,  and 
the  copper  coins  of  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  Connecticut,  New 
Jersey,  and  other  colonies,  prior  to  coinage  by  the  mint. 

There  were  also  shown  specimens  of  the  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia  private  gold  coinage  of  1830  to  1840,  of  the  Mormon 
gold  coins  of  1849,  and  some  shell  money,  or  "wampum," 
which  was  given  a  legal  value  in  New  England  in  1637. 

A  spinning  wheel  and  distaff,  which  \vas  used  during  the 
period  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  was  exhibited  in  the 
history  building. 

This  spinning  wheel  was  presented  to  the  Society  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  by  the  late  Dr.  G. 
Brown  Goode,  and  afterwards  deposited  in  the  National 
Museum.  It  was  incorporated  by  Dr.  Goode  in  his  design  for 
the  badge  of  that  society. 

The  collection  was  selected  and  arranged  by  Mr.  A.  Howard 
Clark. 

SECTION   OF   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

Two  series  of  specimens  were  sent  from  the  extensive  collec- 
tion in  the  section  of  materia  medica,  the  first  consisting  of 
samples  of  natural  and  cultivated  cinchona  barks,  and  their 
products,  and  the  second  showing  the  commercial  varieties  and 
the  alkaloids  of  opium. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  by  Dr.  J.  M.  Flint,  U.  S.  N. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   ARTS   AND   INDUSTRIES. 

This  department  exhibited  an  attractive  collection  representing 
animal  form  in  pottery,  including  the  principal  wares  of  Japan, 
and  selections  from  Prussian  Saxony,  Copenhagen,  Denmark, 
and  Galle,  France. 

Exhibit  of  laces . — A  collection  of  specimens  of  network  and 
embroidery,  illustrating  the  various  epochs  of  lace  making,  was 
exhibited  in  the  annex  to  the  Woman's  building  by  Dr.  Thomas 
Wilson,  curator  of  the  department  of  prehistoric  anthropology 
in  the  museum. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  121 

The  collection  comprised  about  one  thousand  specimens,  and 
may  be  classified  under  the  following  general  divisions: 

(1)  Prehistoric:  implements  for,  and  specimens  of,  sewing, 
weaving,  embroidery,  and  tapestry  making. 

(2)  Prior  to  1550,  A.  D.,  anterior  to  lace  making:  knotted 
net,  darned  work,  drawn  work,  cut  work. 

(3)  From  1550,  A.  D.:  reticella,  point  coupe,  point  lace  and 
bobbin  lace  of  Venice,   Milan,   Genoa,  Flanders,  France,  and 
England. 

(4)  Modern  laces. 

(5  )  Series  showing  process  of  manufacture  of  point  and  bobbin 
lace,  needles,  thread,  cushions,  bobbins,  etc. 

Credit  is  due  to  Mr.  S.  C.  Brown,  Mr.  J.  S.  Goldsmith,  and 
Mr.  C.  A.  Steuart  for  efficient  aid  rendered  in  the  preparation 
and  installation  of  the  exhibits. 

The  sum  allotted  to  the  institution  and  museum  was  $16,200,' 
and  the  actual  cost  of  making  the  exhibit  was  $16,073.61,  as 
shown  by  the  following  statement  of  classified  expenditures: 

Services $7,  225.  17 

Expert  services  in  preparation  and  repair  of  models,  transparen- 
cies, charts,  specimens,  etc 888.  95 

Travel * I,  015.  26 

Subsistence 803.  30 

Freight 738.  19 

Cartage  and  freight  handling , . .  77.  18 

Expressage 168.  35 

Exhibition  cases,  frames,  etc 314.  oo 

Lumber  and  mill  work 673.  55 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 124.  89 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc i,  320.  99 

Supplies,  preparators'  material,  etc 301.  50 

Packing  material 163.  40 

Apparatus,  specimens,  etc 2,  157.  75 

Decoration,  flags,  etc 66.  25 

Office  expenses * 34-88 

Total 16,  073.  61 

FREDERICK  W.  TRUE, 
Representative,  Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum. 

1  See  statement  of  transfers  of  funds,  Appendix  A. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  35. 


REPORT   OF  THE    REPRESENTATIVE   OF  THE   COM- 
MISSION OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES. 


Under  the  act  of  Congress  approved  December  22,  1896,  pro- 
viding for  the  participation  of  the  Commission  of  Fish  and 
Fisheries  in  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  in  Nashville, 
Tenn. ,  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  its  functions,  the  Commis- 
sioner appointed  Mr.  W.  de  C.  Ravenel,  assistant  in  charge  of 
the  division  of  fish  culture,  as  the  representative  of  the  Com- 
mission on  the  Government  board  of  management. 

The  plan  of  this  exhibit,  as  approved  by  the  Commissioner, 
was  as  follows:  (i)  Scientific  investigations  of  the  Commission, 
to  be  illustrated  by  models  of  the  vessels  belonging  to  the  Com- 
mission of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  with  full-sized  forms  of  the 
apparatus  used,  and  by  illustrations  showing  the  work  of  these 
vessels;  by  collections  of  marine  animals,  and  by  casts  of  colored 
fishes,  drawn  from  life,  and  by  collections  of  sponges,  corals, 
oysters,  and  other  shellfish.  (2)  The  fish-cultural  operations,  to 
be  shown  by  models  and  photographs  of  important  hatching  sta- 
tions; models  and  full -sized  specimens  of  apparatus  used  in  the 
collection,  transportation,  and  hatching  of  eggs,  and  the  distribu- 
tion of  fish;  charts  showing  the  work  done  by  the  Commission 
since  its  organization,  and  results  with  reference  to  special  fish- 
eries; also,  by  the  hatching  of  the  eggs  of  the  various  species  of 
the  salmonidse  and  shad.  (2.0)  An  aquarium  for  showing  the 
important  food  and  game  fishes  reared  by  the  Commission  at  its 
various  stations,  together  with  other  important  fishes  of  the  Ohio 
Valley,  and  the  principal  species  taken  in  the  South  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  Gulf  of  Mexico.  (3)  Method  and  statistics  of  the 
fisheries,  to  be  illustrated  by  models  of  vessels  used  in  the 
important  fisheries  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States; 
models  of  boats,  and  the  common  forms  of  fishing  apparatus, 

123 


124  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

such  as  pounds,  weirs,  seines,  trawl  lines,  and  hand  lines;  also, 
oyster  and  clam  rakes,  tongs,  hooks  for  sponges,  etc.,  besides 
illustrations  of  the  various  fisheries  by  means  of  photographs, 
oil  paintings,  and  etchings. 

A  soon  as  possible  after  the  organization  of  the  board  of 
management  and  the  allotment  of  space  and  funds  preparations 
were  begun  for  the  construction  of  the  aquarium  and  the  collec- 
tion of  the  material  comprising  the  exhibit.  The  Commission 
was  aMotted  $15,500  and  5,200  square  feet  of  floor  space  in  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  building.  The  space  was  L-shaped,  and 
extended  from  the  main  aisle  at  the  east  entrance  to  the  inter- 
secting main  aisle  at  the  south  entrance.  By  May  17,  when 
the  Government  building  was  opened  to  the  public,  the  exhibit 
was  installed  and  ready  for  inspection  and  the  aquarium  stocked 
with  both  fresh  and  salt  water  fishes;  the  hatchery  was  in  oper- 
ation, illustrating  the  methods  employed  in  the  hatching  of  eggs 
of  the  shad  and  trout. 

Practical  fish  culture. — During  the  months  of  May  and  June 
three  and  one-half  million  shad  eggs  were  received  from  the 
Susquehanna,  Delaware,  and  Potomac  rivers  by  express.  Of 
the  fry  resulting,  1,400,000  were  liberated  in  the  Cumberland 
River,  and  215,000  were  held  until  July  for  exhibit.  Besides 
the  black-spotted  and  rainbow- trout  eggs  from  Colorado,  received 
in  June,  20,000  eggs  of  the  quinnat  salmon  were  shipped  from 
California  during  the  autumn.  These  eggs  were  hatched  in 
water  from  the  artesian  well,  and  the  fry  were  placed  on  exhi- 
bition and  planted  in  suitable  waters  in  the  vicinity. 

The  accompanying  diagram  shows  the  arrangement  of  exhib- 
its and  the  amount  of  space  occupied  by  the  various  forms.  Of 
the  total  allotment  of  5,200  feet  the  aquarium  occupied  3,360 
feet;  the  exhibits  illustrating  fish-cultural  work,  scientific 
inquiry,  and  methods  and  statistics  of  the  fisheries  the  remain- 
ing 1,640  feet.  The  articles  exhibited  are  comprised  in  the  fol- 
lowing list: 

SCIENTIFIC   INQUIRY  SECTION. 

Exploring  vessels: 

Models. — Steamer  Albatross,  steamer  Fishhawk,  schooner  Grampus. 
Illustrations. — Forward  deck  of  steamer  Albatross,  steamer  Albatross. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  125 

Collecting  apparatus: 

Seines  and  nets. — Two  Baird  seines  (50  and  150  feet  long),  i  herring 
seine,  i  herring  gill  net,  2  minnow  seines,  2  small  seines,  2  beam 
trawls  (i  large,  double,  and  i  small  model),  2  small  gauze  towing 
nets. 

Dredges.— One  naturalist's  boat  dredge,  i  naturalist's  deep-sea  dredge, 
2  surface  tow  nets,  i   dip  net,   i   Chester  rake  dredge   (2  nets),  2 
oyster  dredges. 
Tangles. — One  tangle. 
Accessories  for  dredging  and  trawling: 

Sounding  wire. — One  piece  of  sounding  wire  (large  size),  i  piece  of 
sounding  wire  (common  size),  3  splices  in  sounding  wire,  2  splices 
in  dredge  rope. 

Apparatus  for  preserving  collections:  One  tank  box  containing  one  16- 
gallon  copper  tank  for  storage  and  transportation  of  natural-history 
specimens,  i  tank  box  containing  one  S-gallon  and  two  4-gallon  copper 
tanks  for  storage  and  transportation  of  natural-history  specimens,  5  jars 
(assorted  sizes),  7  glass  bottles  with  cork  stoppers  (assorted  sizes), 
ii  homeopathic  vials  with  rubber  stoppers  (assorted  sizes),  4  glass  dishes 
(assorted  sizes),  3  German  silver  naturalist's  forceps. 

Apparatus  for  deep-sea  sounding:  i  Tanner  deep-sea  sounding  machine, 
complete,  with  Sigsbee  sounder   (shot  attached)   and   deep-sea  ther- 
mometer. 
Apparatus  for  physical  observations: 

Thermometers  and  accessories:  Three  deck  thermometers,  i  Miller- 
Casella  deep-sea  thermometer,  i  Baird  protected  thermometer, 
i  Negretti  and  Zambra  deep-sea  thermometer,  3  wooden  cases  for 
deep-sea  thermometers  (experimental  forms) ,  i  metal  frame  for  hold- 
ing deep-sea  thermometer  (Negretti  and  Zambra  case),  n  brass  cases 
(experimental  forms)  for  deep-sea  thermometers,  with  attachments, 
i  Magnahi  case  for  deep-sea  thermometer,  2  Tanner  improved  metal 
cases  (sixth  form,  ordinary  size)  for  deep-sea  thermometers,  2  Tanner 
improved  metal  cases  (sixth  form,  large  size)  for  deep-sea  ther- 
mometers, i  water  bottle  for  deep-sea  investigations,  i  reading  glass 
for  Negretti  and  Zambra  thermometer,  i  set  of  Hilgard's  salinometers 
with  cup  and  thermometer,  i  magnet. 
Results  of  explorations: 

Collections  (marine  animals,  dry) — 

Crustaceans — One  lobster  (J-fomarus  amencatius),  \Echinocerus 
setimamis,  i  deep-sea  crab  (Geryoti  quinquedens  Smith),  i  Echi- 
nocerus  foraminatus,  i  common  edible  crab  ( Cancer  magister 
Dana),  i  Mithrax  hespidus^  Othinia  anisodon  (young),  i  Oth- 
inia  anisodon  (adult),  2  mantis  shrimp  (Squilla  empusa],  i 
spider  crab  (Libinia  emarginata} ,  i  box  crab(Calappaflamea), 
i  great  spider  crab  (Lit/wdes  maia],  i  crayfish  nest  or  chimney. 


126  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Results  of  explorations — Continued. 

Collections  (marine  animals,  dry) — Continued. 

Sponges — Sheepswool,  velvet,  yellow,  glove,  and  grass. 
American  ornamental  corals — One  piece  of  star  coral,  i  piece  of 
Oculina  diffusa  coral,  2  pieces  of  fungus  coral  (Agaricia  aguri- 
cites),  i  piece  of  brain  coral  (Manicin  areolata],  i  piece  of  mussa 
coral,  i  piece  of  star  coral  (Orarcella}. 
Mollusks— 

Oyster  and  other  shells — 

Oyster  spat,  two  to  three  weeks  old. 

Oyster  spat,  three  to  four  weeks  old. 

Oyster  spat,  one  to  two  months  old. 

Oyster  spat,  two  to  three  months  old. 

Oyster  spat,  two  to  three  months  old,  hard  bottom. 

Oyster  spat,  two  months  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  one  year  old,  hard  bottom. 

Oysters,  two  years  old,  hard  bottom. 

Oysters,  three  years  old,  hard  bottom. 
'  Oysters,  fqur  years  old,  hard  bottom. 

Oysters,  one  year  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  two  years  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  three  years  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  four  years  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  five  years  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  five  years  old,  hard  bottom. 

Oysters,  six  years  old,  hard  bottom. 

Oysters,  six  years  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  large,  mud  bottom. 

Oysters,  large,  16  years  old,  soft  bottom. 

Oysters,  large,  12  years  old,  hard  bottom. 

Blue  Point  oysters. 

Oyster  shells,  greatly  thickened,  due  to  stunted  growth 
at  margin. 

Glenwood  oysters. 

Shinnecock  Bay  oysters. 

Rock  away  oysters. 

Shrewsbury  oysters. 

Rappahannock  River  oysters. 

James  River  ( near  Newport  News,  Va, )  oysters. 

Saddlerock  oysters. 

East  River  oysters. 

Oysters  from  Hampton,  Va. ,  18  months  old. 

Oysters  from  Tangier  Sound,  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Oysters  from  Chincoteague,  Va.  (first  grade). 

Oysters  from  Chincoteague^  Va.  (poorer  grade). 


128  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Results  of  explorations — Continued. 

Collections    (marine  animals,  dry) — Continued. 
Mollusks — Continued. 

Oyster  and  other  shells — Continued. 

Ostrea  herida,  growing  on  shells  of  Ostrea  virginica  in 
San  Francisco  Bay.     The  native  oysters  tend,  to  cause 
much  damage  in  this  way. 
Ostrea  virginica.     Natural  growth  derived  from  oysters 

planted  in  San  Francisco  Bay. 
Ostrea  virginica.     Transplanted  from  Atlantic  coast  to 

San  Francisco  Bay  and  then  raised  for  market. 
Ostrea  virginica,  Guaymas,  west  coast  of  Mexico.     Used 

as  food. 
Ostrea  herida,  Pacific  coast  of  United  States.     Used  as 

food. 
Ostrea  virginica,  Guaymas,  Mexico.     Formerly  shipped 

to  San  Francisco  market. 
Ostrea   herida.     The   native   oyster  of   Pacific  coast  of 

United  States.     From  Willapa  Bay,  Washington. 
Ostrea    herida.     The  native  oyster  of    Pacific   coast  of 

United  States.     From  San  Francisco  Bay,  California. 
Oyster  growing  on  twig  of  tree. 
Sheet  of  rubber  containing  oyster  spat. 
Rubber  shoe  with  young  oyster  attached.     Connecticut. 
Anchor  lantern  with  oysters  growing  on  it. 
Earthenware  ink  bottle  with  oysters  growing  on  it. 
Glass  bottle  with  oysters  growing  on  it. 
One-year-old    oysters    growing    on    gutta-percha    cable 

across  Housatonic  River  at  Stratford,  Conn. 
Spat  about  two  months  old  attached  to  crushed  stone  off 

Norwalk,  Conn. 

Jingle  clutch.  Used  on  planted  beds  for  collecting  oys- 
ter spat.  Composed  of  the  shells  of  anomia  and  other 
light  mollusks,  and  very  highly  regarded  under  some 
conditions. 

Oyster  spat  growing  on  child's  leather  shoe. 
Crushed  stone.     Used  on  planted  beds  for  collecting  oys- 
ter spat.     Recent  innovation. 
Enemies  of  the  oyster  : 

Starfish  attacking  oysters. 

Starfish.    * 

Egg  cases  of  the  periwinkles  ( Fulgargarica  and  Syco- 

typus  canalicalatris] . 

Asterias  forbesii  and  small  specimens  clustered  in 
shell  of  periwinkle.     Off  Norwalk,  Conn. 


Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  129 

Results  of  explorations — Continued. 

Collections  (marine  animals,  dry) — Continued. 
Mollusks — Continued. 

Oyster  and  other  shells — Continued. 
Enemies  of  the  oyster — Continued. 

Starfish  feeding  on  common  mussels  (Mytilus  edulis] . 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Periwinkle    (Sycotypus  canaliculattis ) .      Massachu- 
setts to  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Destructive  to  oysters. 
Asterias  forbesii.    Medium  specimen  in  shell  of  peri- 
winkle.    Connecticut. 
Sea   snail   (Neverita  duplicata}.     Massachusetts  to 

Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Drills  (Purpura  lapillus}. 
Oyster  shells  showing  the  effect  of  the  boring  sponge 

( Clione  sulphured ).     Tangier  Sound,  Virginia. 
Drills  (  Urosalpinx  cinerca) .     Massachusetts  to  Gulf 
>f  Mexico.     Also  introduced  with  oysters  in  San 
Francisco  Bay,  California. 
Razor  fish. 

Flat  razor  clams  (Macluzra patula].     Alaska  to  Califor- 
nia.    Used  as  food. 

Giant  clams  (Schizothcerus  nuttallii}.     Pacific  coast  of 
North    America.     Used  as  food   along  New  England 
coast.     Arctic  Ocean  to  South  Carolina. 
Long  clam — soft  clam  (Mya  arenaria}.     Europe.     Also 
introduced  on  Pacific  coast  of  United  States.     Used  as 
food  and  bait. 
Large  clams. 

Quahog— round  clam  (  Venus  mercenary  a}.     Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  to  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Used  as  food  and  bait. 
Clams  ( Mactra  planulata ) .     Alaska.     Used  as  food. 
Sea  clam — surf  clam  (Mactra  solidissima}.     Labrador  to 

Gulf  of  Mexico.     Used  as  food  and  bait. 
Bloody  clams  (Argina  pexata}.     Massachusetts  to  Gulf 

of  Mexico.     Occasionally  used  as  bait. 
Little-neck    clams  —  hard-shelled     clam  —  carpet     shell 
(  Tapes  staminea}.     Alaska  to  California.     Extensively 
used  as  food. 
Little-neck   clams   (Saxidomus  aratus}.     Esteemed    as 

food.     San  Diego,  Cal.,  Hemphill. 
Round  clams  (Saxidomus  nuttallii}.     Pacific  coast   of 

North  America.     Used  as  food. 

Cockle  (Cardium  corbis}.     Pacific  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica.    Edible. 

H.  Doc.  515 -9 


130  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Results  of  explorations — Continued. 

Collections  (marine  animals,  dry) — Continued. 
Mollusks  —Continued. 

Oyster  and  other  shells— Continued. 

Horse  mussel  (Modiola  modiolus}.     Greenland  to  New 
Jersey.     Europe.     North  Pacific  Ocean.     Used  as  food 
and  bait. 
California  mussel  (My  tilns  calif ornianus] .     Pacific  coast 

of  North  America.     Used  as  food. 
Other  economic  mollusks : 

Haliotus,  Swain,  California. 

Pearl  oyster  (Meleagrina  margaritifera'].     Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia. 
Giant  scallop  (Pecten  tennicostatus}.     Labrador  to  New 

Jersey.     Used  as  food. 

Common  scallop  (Pecten  irradiamns}.     Massachusetts  to 
Gulf  of  Mexico.     Used  as  food. 

DIVISION  OF  :FISH  CUI/TURE. 

Transportation  apparatus:  '  / 

Model  of  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  car  No.  i. 
Hatching  apparatus  — 

Working  models — One  whitefish  table  8  feet  long,  3  feet  wide, 

and  3  feet  high,  with   McDonald  hatching  jars  for  hatching 

shad  eggs  ;  2  hatching  troughs  8  feet  long,  12  inches  wide,  and 

8  inches  deep,  equipped  for  hatching  salmon  and  trout  eggs. 

Accessories — One  egg  scale,  2  funnels  for  shad,  i  pan  for  washing 

eggs,  2  siphon  bags,  2  siphon  cages,  i  aquarium. 
Hatching  and  rearing  establishments: 

Model  of  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  hatchery  in  Put  in  Bay, 

Ohio. 

Illustrations  of  hatching  stations,  showing  buildings,  interior  and 
exterior,  methods  employed  in  collecting,  hatching,  rearing,  and 
distributing  fish,  fry,  and  eggs — 

Commission  01  Fish  and  Fisheries  hatching  station,  Wytheville, 
Va.,  1885: 

Interior  of  hatchery.     Men  at  work. 
View  of  spring  and  ponds,  looking  west. 
View  of  ponds,  looking  south. 
View  of  ponds,  looking  southeast. 
Launch  towing  spawn  takers. 
Stripping  shad  on  fishing  float. 
Packing  shad  eggs. 
Shipping  fry. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  37. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  131 

Hatching  and  rearing  establishments — Continued. 

Illustrations  of  hatching  stations,  etc. — Continued. 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  shad  station,  Havre  de  Grace, 
Md.,  1892: 

Bird's-eye  view  of  station. 
Superintendent's  cottage. 
Hatching  house,  looking  northeast. 
Interior  of  hatching  house. 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  hatching  station,  Wytheville, 
Va: 

View  of  station,  looking  north. 
View  of  station,  looking  south. 
Floating  stations — Steamer  Fish  Hawk. 
Methods  and  results  of  fish -culture: 

Models — One  lay  figure,  illustrating  method  of  taking  salmon  eggs. 
Charts— One  chart  giving  names  and  locations  of  stations  and  output 
of  each  for  the  fiscal  year  1894-95;   i  chart  showing  effect  of  fish- 
culture  on  the  shad  fishery. 
Objects  of  the  fisheries: 
Mammals — 

Cetaceans — 

Dolphins:  Blackfish  (cast) head.     Grampus  ( cast )  head.     Bot- 
tle-nose porpoise  (cast).      Harbor  porpoise   (cast)   young. 
Sawfish  (cast). 
Carnivores — 

Northern  fur  seals  ( mounted  group ) . 
Stellar 's  sea  lions  (mounted  group). 
Batrachians — 

Frogs — Bullfrog  (cast).      Green  frog  (cast).      Pickerel    frog 

(cast). 
Fishes — Casts  of  150  species  of  marine  and  fresh-water  food 

fishes. 
Drawings  and  notes — Five  swinging  screens  containing  drawings  of, 

and  notes  on,  the  important  fishes  of  the  Southern  States. 
Live  fishes — Living  marine  and  fresh-water  fishes  in  aquaria. 
Invertebrates — Living  crabs,  mollusks,  etc. ,  in  aquaria. 
Fishery  apparatus: 
Vessels- 
Series  of  models  showing  the  development  of  fishing  vessels  from 

the  settlement  of  America  to  the  present  time. 
Models  of  vessels  used  in   the  important  fisheries  ot  the  South. 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 
Nets — Three  pound  nets,  i  cast  net,  i  whitefish  gill  net,  4  fyke  nets, 

i  dip  net,  i  aboriginal  fish  weir,  2  herring  wreirs. 

Traps  and  pots — Six  eel  pots,  4  models,  lobster  pots,  i  eel  trap  (model), 
3  fish  cars  (model). 


132  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Fishery  apparatus — Continued. 

Lines — One  halibut  trawl  line,  i  George's  cod  hand  line,  i  shore  cod 
hand  line,  i  pollock  hand  line,  i  shore  cod  and  pollock  hand  line, 
i  layout  line,  i  sea  trout  line,  i  drumfish  line,  i  whiting  line,  i  reef 
line,  i  jack  trolling  line,  T  kingfish  line,  i  grunt  line,  i  rockfish 
line,  i  Italian  fishery  line,  i  line  with  jug  floats,  i  Alaskan  halibut 
line  with  hook  and  club. 

Appliances  for  seizing:  Two  pairs  oyster  tongs,  i  pair  oyster  nippers,  i 
oyster  rake,  i  pair  deep-water  oyster  tongs,  3  clam  hoes,  i  hand  clam 
hoe,  i  sponge  hook,  4  codfish  jigs,  i  dolphin  drail,  12  bluefish  and  brass 
drails,  4  Eskimo  codfish  hooks,  4  British  Columbia  wooden  fishhooks, 

1  series  of  spring  claw  or  trap  hooks,  i  series  of  barbless  hooks  2  shark 
hooks. 

Accessories:  One  water  glass  used  in  sponge  fishery. 

Appliances  for  striking:  One  series  of  eel  spears,  2  frostfish  spears,  3  crab 
and  flounder  spears,  i  five-pronged  grain,  i  conch  harpoon,  i  turtle  peg 
harpoon,  i  series  of  Indian  fish  spears,  i  series  of  swordfish  dart  heads, 

2  porpoise  harpoons,  2  porpoise  lances. 

Illustrations  of  fisheries:  Four  pictures  illustrating  the  .seal  fishery,  i 
picture  of  Aleuts  killing  walrus,  i  picture  of  salmon  trap  (interior 
Indians  of  Northwestern  coast),  i  picture  of  Marsh's  improved  deep- 
water  oyster  tongs,  35  swinging  screens  containing  views  of  the  differ- 
ent fisheries,  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  stations,  equipment  of 
steamers  Albatross  and  Fish  Hawk,  and  plates  from  bulletins  of  the 
Commission. 

The  aquarium  was  a  grotto-like,  L -shaped  structure,  120  feet 
long  and  28  feet  wide,  containing  22  tanks,  arranged  on  each 
side  of  the  passageway,  12  feet  wide,  in  equal  numbers.  Each 
tank  was  7  feet  long,  3  feet  high,  and  5  feet  wide  at  the  top, 
with  a  capacity  of  550  gallons.  The  tanks  next  to  the  wall 
were  arranged  for  the  exhibition  of  the  various  fresh-water 
species,  those  on  the  opposite  side  the  salt-water  species,  which 
included  snappers,  groupers,  pompano,  crevalle,  mullet,  and 
other  bright-colored  tropical  fishes,  besides  crustaceans,  shell- 
fish, etc.  The  water  for  the  fresh-water  aquaria  was  obtained 
from  a  well  84  feet  deep  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
building,  which  permitted  of  the  exhibition  of  a  number  of 
specimens  of  rainbow  and  brook  trout  and  of  steel-head  salmon 
throughout  the  Exposition.  The  water  was  cold  and  clear,  of 
a  uniform  temperature  of  59°.  The  water  used  in  the  salt- 
water tanks  was  brought  from  MoreheadCity,  N.  C.,  in  tankcars 


134 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


temperature  of  the  water  was  kept  down  below  the  danger  point. 
Later  in  the  season  the  use  of  ice  was  discontinued,  and  the 
water  was  cooled  by  the  use  of  water  from  the  artesian  well 
instead. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  fishes  and  other  aquatic  animals 
collected  and  exhibited  during  the  Exposition: 

MARINE  SPECIMENS. 


Num- 
ber. 

Species. 

Num- 
ber. 

Species. 

49 

Red  snappers. 

35 

Jack-fish. 

8 

12 

25 

Black  snappers. 
Jumping  mullet. 
Mullet. 

4 

10 

Squirrel-fish. 
Stingray. 
Soap-fish 

93 

Sheepshead. 

ii 

Sacalay. 

24 

22 

Conch. 
Burr-fish. 

2 

13 

Gaff  topsail  pompano. 
Flounders. 

6 

Swell-fish. 

95 

Spots. 

18 

Sea-urchins. 

3° 

Catfish. 

II 

Sea-robins. 

3 

White  perch. 

57 

Sea  bass. 

2 

Spotted  trout. 

i 

Sea-horse. 

2 

King-fish. 

37 

Cow-fish. 

5 

Red  drum. 

50 
182 

Hog-fish. 
Pig-fish. 

4 

4 

Squeteague. 
Trunk-fish. 

7  :  Sailors  choice. 

5 

Cavally. 

197 

Croakers. 

i 

I,ook  down. 

2 

42 
47 

Red  groupers. 
Black  groupers. 
Toad-fish. 

300 
81 
1,400 

Clams. 
Hermit-crabs. 
Fiddler-crabs. 

259 

Pin-fish. 

44 

Blue  crabs. 

*• 

64 

Spade-fish. 

2 

King-crabs. 

Tile-fish. 

31 

Spider-crabs. 

18 

Pompano. 

4 

Horseshoe-crabs. 

1 

Bluefish. 

25 

Common  crabs. 

FRESH-WATER  SPECIMENS. 


5° 

Catfish. 

300 

Golden  tench. 

12 

Carp. 

9° 

Goldfish. 

225 

Green  tench. 

16 

Golden  ide. 

I,  OOO 

euinnat  salmon  (fry). 

j 

Red-horse. 

25 

uinnat  salmon. 

20 

Buffalo. 

55 

steelhead  trout. 

2,OOO 

Minnows. 

I,  OOO 

Rainbow  trout  (fry). 

9 

Turtles. 

218 

Rainbow  trout. 

326 

Black  bass,  L.  M. 

45 

Brook  trout. 

ii 

Black  bass,  S.  M. 

?8 

Yellow  perch. 

20 

Black  bass,  Fingerling. 

34 

White  perch. 

I05 

Warmouth  bass. 

Pike. 

78 

Crappie. 

118 

Suckers. 

3 

White  bass. 

3 

Chubs. 

3 

.Striped  bass. 

3 

Gar-fish. 

51 

Yellow  bass. 

12 

Eels. 

227 

Sun-fish. 

3 

Sturgeon. 

258 

Rock  bass. 

i 

Dog-fish. 

During  the  absence  of  the  representative  from  Nashville  the 
exhibit  of  the  Commission  was  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  L.  G. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  135 

Harron  and  Mr.  W.  P.  SauerhofT  until  September,  when  Mr.  R.  J. 
Conway  was  placed  in  charge  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition. 

Acknowledgments. — The  Commission  is  indebted  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  the  loan  of  material  and 
cases  forming  parts  of  the  exhibit.  The  following-named  per- 
sons and  corporations  have  also  rendered  valuable  assistance: 

The  Union  Tank  Line  Company,  of  New  York,  through  the 
loan  of  tank  cars  for  the  transportation  of  salt  water. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  the  Louisville  and  Nash- 
ville Railroad,  and  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis 
Railroad  companies,  through  the  free  transportation  of  tank 
cars  containing  salt  water,  and  the  transportation  of  the  Com- 
mission of  Fish  and  Fisheries  cars  and  messengers  engaged  in 
the  collection  of  fishes  for  the  aquarium. 

The  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  Company,  through  as- 
sistance rendered  in  the  installation  of  the  electrical  appliances 
and  the  free  use  of  power. 

The  Laidlaw- Dunn- Gordon  Company,  of  Cincinnati,  through 
the  loan  of  an  electric  pump,  used  in  the  circulation  of  fresh 
water. 

Mr.  Robert  T.  Creighton,  engineer  in  charge  of  the  Expo- 
sition. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Pentacost,  superintendent  of  electricity. 

Mr.  William  Reyer,  superintendent  of  the  Nashville,  Chatta- 
nooga and  St.  Louis  Railway  shops. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Hicht,  for  the  free  use  of  water  from  the  Cockrill 
spring. 

The  total  cost  of  the  preparation,  maintenance,  and  return  of 
the  exhibit  of  the  Commission,  including  the  aquarium,  was 
$16,309.77.  The  following  statement  shows  the  objects  for 
which  the  money  was  expended: 

Services |2,  131.  95 

Special  or  contract  services 2,  325.  75 

Travel !,  136.  89 

Subsistence 2,  261.  10 

Freight 366.  34 

Cartage 54.  97 

Expressage  270.  41 


136  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Exhibition  cases,  frames,  aquarium,  etc $3,  190.  25 

I/umber  and  millwork 73.  29 

Hardware,  tools,  etc 95-9° 

Glass,  paints,  brushes,  etc 691.  15 

Supplies  and  preparators'  material i,  893.  82 

Packing  material 23.  71 

Apparatus,  specimens,  etc i,  131.  58 

Decorations,  partitions,  etc 407.  30 

Office  expenses 255.  36 

Total 16,  309.  77 

W.  DK  C.  RAVENEL, 
Representative,  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  39. 


APPENDICES. 


APPENDIX  A. 

Statement  of  apportionment  and  transfers  of  funds  among  the  several 
allotments  of  the  appropriation,  "Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition." 

GENERAI,  FUND  OF  THE  BOARD. 

Allotments' 

Original x $10,  ooo.  oo 

Decorations,2  from— 

Department  of  State $52.  83 

War  Department 102.  07 

Navy  Department 87.  88 

Justice  Department 49-47 

Treasury  Department 315.  86 

Post-Office  Department 116.  20 

Interior  Department 330.  81 

Department  of  Agriculture 328.  21 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  Na- 
tional Museum 125.  30 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisher- 
ies   244. 90 

1,753-53 
Reapportionment,3  from — 

Department  of  State 300.  oo 

War  Department I,  200.  oo 

Navy  Department 150.  oo 

Justice  Department 250.  oo 

Interior  Department I,  300.  oo 

Department  of  Agriculture 2,  ooo.  oo 

5,  200.  oo 
$16,  953-  53 


'The  original  allotment  of  the  funds  was  made  February  3,  1897. 

2  The  cost  of  erecting  partitions  between  the  several  Department  spaces 
and  of  decorating  the  interior  of  the  Government  building  was  originally 
paid  from  the  general  fund  of  the  board,  and  on  July  10,  1897,  that  allot- 
ment was  reimbursed  by  transfers  of  proportionate  amounts  of  the  total 
cost  from  the  allotments  of  the  respective  Departments. 

3  On  August  5,  1897,  the  unexpended  funds  were  reapportioned. 

137 


1 38  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Transfers: 

Reapportionment,  to — 

Treasury  Department $i,  ooo.  oo 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  Na- 
tional Museum i,  ooo.  oo 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisher- 
ies         700.  oo 

$2,  700.  oo 

Special  to  Navy  Department ' 150.  oo 

$2,  850.  00 


Actual  allotment 14,  103.  53 

POST-OFFICE   DEPARTMENT. 

Allotment: 

Original $4,  ooo.  oo 

Transfer: 

I  )ecorations,  to  general  fund 1 16.  20 


Actual  allotment. .  .  .  *. 3,  883.  80 

DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE. 
Allotment: 

Original $3,  ooo.  oo 

Transfers: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund $52.  83 

Reapportionment,  to  general  fund 300.  oo 

352. 83 


Actual  allotment 2,  647.  17 

COMMISSION   OF   FISH    AND   FISHERIES. 

Allotments: 

Original $15,  500.  oo 

Reapportionment,  from  general  fund i,  ooo.  oo 

-  $16,  500.  oo 

Transfer: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund 244.  90 

Actual  allotment 16,  255.  10 

DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE. 
Allotment: 

Original $2,  500.  oo 

Transfers: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund $49.  47 

Reapportionment,  to  general  fund 250.  oo 

299.  47 


Actual  allotment 2,  200.  53 

1  Made  December  i,  1897. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  40. 


Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  139 

WAR    DEPARTMENT. 

Allotment: 

Original $6,  500.  oo 

Transfers: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund $102.  07 

Reapportionment,  to  general  fund i,  200.  oo 

1,  302.  07 

Actual  allotment. 5,  197.  93 

DEPARTMENT   OF   THE   INTERIOR. 

Allotments: 

Original $12,  ooo.  oo 

Special,  from  Department  of  Agriculture !  .  .  .  .  300.  oo 

—  $12,  300.  oo 
Transfers: 

Special,  to  Smithsonian    Institution   and  Na- 
tional Museum J i,  ooo.  oo 

Decorations,  to  general  fund 330.  Si 

Reapportionment,  to  general  fund i,  300.  oo 

2,  630.  8 1 

Actual  allotment 9,  669.  19 

SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION   AND    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Allotments: 

Original $14,  500.  oo 

Special,  from  Interior  Department * i,  ooo.  oo 

Reapportionment,  from  general  fund 700.  oo 

—  $16,  200.  oo 
Transfer: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund 125.  30 

Actual  allotment 16,  074.  70 

TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 
Allotments: 

Original $10,  ooo.  oo 

Reapportionment,  from  general  fund i,  ooo.  oo 

$11,000.00 

Transfer: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund 315.  86 

Actual  allotment 10,  684.  14 


1  March  13,  1897.  2  July  10,  1897. 


140  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

NAVY   DEPARTMENT. 

Allotments: 

Original $8,  ooo.  oo 

Special,  from  general  fund1 150.  oo 

Special,  from  Department  of  Agriculture2  . 60.  oo 

$8,  210.  oo 
Transfers: 

Decorations,  to  general  fund 87.  88 

Reapportionment,  to  general  fund 150.  oo 

237.  88 

Actual  allotment 7,  972.  12 

DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE. 

Allotment: 

Original $14,  ooo.  oo 

Transfers: 

Special,  to  Interior  Department3 $300.  oo 

Decorations,  to  general  fund 328.  21 

Reapportionment,  to  general  fund 2,  ooo.  oo 

Special,  to  Navy  Department 4 60.  oo 

2,  688.  21 


Actual  allotment 1 1,  31 1.  79 

AGGREGATION. 

Actual  allotments: 

General  fund  of  the  board $14,  103.  53 

Post-Office  Department  .  .- 3,  883.  80 

Department  of  State 2,  647.  17 

Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 16,  255.  10 

Department  of  Justice 2,  200.  53 

War  Department 5,  197.  93 

Department  of  the  Interior 9,  669.  19 

Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum 16,  074.  70 

Treasury  Department . 10,  684.  14 

Navy  Department 7,  972.  12 

Department  of  Agriculture 11,311.  79 


Total  appropriation  for  exhibits 100,  ooo.  oo 

1  March  13,  1897. 

2  July  10,  1897. 

3  On  August  5,  1897,  the  unexpended  funds  were  reapportioned. 
•*  Made  December  i,  1897. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  41. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


141 


APPENDIX  B. 

History  of  bills  and  resolutions  introduced  in  the  United  States  Congress 
relating  to  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  Nashville,  1897. 


Doc.  No. 


Con- 
gress. 


Ses- 
sion. 


Dates  of 
action. 


Titles  and  action. 


H.  R.  8109. 

H.  R.  8916 i 
S.  2716  

S.  2778  

H. R.  161  ... 

H.R.8i93.. 


53d  .. 

53d  .. 
53d  . . 

53d  .. 

54th  . 
54th  . 


3d-- 

3d-. 
3d  -. 


Dec.      7,  1894 
Feb.    19, 1895 


3d.. 


H.Res.  167...!  54th  . 


Feb.     5,  1895 

Feb.    19, 1895 
Feb.   24,1895 

Dec.     6,  1895 

Apr.    14,1896 
Apr.   30,  1896 


H.Res.  167. 


54th  . . 


ist. .'•  Apr.    10,  1896 


May     i,  1896 
May     6, 1896 

May  11,1896 
May  18, 1896 


To  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the 
Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  the  year  1896,  and 
making  an  appropriation  therefor. 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 
Mr.  Washington  and  referred  to  Commit- 
tee on  Appropriations. 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 
Committee  on  Appropriations  (H.R.  Re- 
port 1858)  as  substitute  for  H.  R.Siog. 

To  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the 
Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  the  year  1896,  and 
making  an  appropriation  therefor. 

Introduced  in  Senate  by  Mr.  Bate  and  re- 
ferred to  Committee  on  Appropriations. 

To  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the 
Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  the  year  1896,  and 
making  an  appropriation  therefor. 

Introduced  in  Senate  by  Mr.  Bate  and  re- 
ferred to  Committee  on  Education  and 
Labor. 

Reported  back. 

To  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the 
Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  the  year  1896,  and  making 
an  appropriation  therefor. 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 
Mr.  Washington  and  referred  to  Commit- 
tee on  Appropriations. 

To  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the 
Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  the  year  1897,  and  making 
an  appropriation  therefor. 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 
Mr.  Bro\yn  and  referred  to  Committee  on 
Appropriations. 

Reported  back.     ( H.  R.  Report  1544. ) 

Authorizing  foreign  exhibitors  at  the  Nash- 
ville Centennial  Exposition,  to  be  held  in 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1897,  to  bring  to  this 
country  foreign  laborers  from  their  re- 
spective countries  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
paring for  and  making  their  exhibits, 
and  allowing  articles  imported  from  for- 
eign countries  for  the  sole  purpose  of  ex- 
hibition at  said  exposition  to  be  imported 
free  of  duty,  under  regulations  prescribed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 
Mr.  Washington  and  referred  to  Commit- 
tee on  Ways  and  Means. 

Reported  back  and  passed  House. 

Referred  to  Senate  Committee  on  Interna- 
tional Expositions. 

Reported  back  and  passed  Senate. 

Approved  by  President. 


1  Substitute  for  H.  R.  8109. 


142 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


History  of  bills  and  resolutions  introduced  in  the  United  States  Congress 
relating  to  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition — Continued. 


Doc.  No. 

Con- 
gress. 

Ses- 
sion 

Date  of 
action. 

Titles  and  action. 

S.  Res.  134  .  .  . 

54th  .  . 

ist. 

Authorizing  foreign  exhibitors  at  the  Ten- 

nessee Centennial  Exposition,  to  be  held 

in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in   1897,  to  bring  to 

this  country  foreign  laborers  from  their 

respective  countries  for  the  purpose  of 
preparing  for  and  making  their  exhibits, 
and  allowing  articles  imported  from  for- 

eign countries  for  the  sole  purpose  of  ex- 

hibition at  said  exposition  to  be  imported 

free  of  duty,  under  regulations  prescribed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Apr.  15,  1896 

Introduced  in  Se'iiate  by  Mr.  Bate  and  re- 

ferred to  Committee  on  Finance. 

Apr.   17,  1896 

Reference  changed  to  Committee  on  Inter- 

national Expositions. 

S.  2889  

54th  .  . 

ist.. 

To  aid  and  encourage  the  holding  of  the 

• 

Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  at  Nash- 

u *•''  ' 

ville,  Tenn.,  in  the  year  1897,  and  making 

M 

an  appropriation  therefor. 

Apr,,  0:7,  1896 

Introduced  in   Senate  by  Mr.  Bate  and  re- 

*^" '  ^'''  :f'.  • 

ferred  to  the  Committee  on  International 

"  J-:?"7ri 

Expositions. 

May     6,  1896 

Reported  back. 

May     9,  1896 

Passed  Senate. 

May   12,  1896 

Referred  to  House  of  Representatives,  Com- 

mittee on  Ways  and  Means. 

ad  .. 

Dec.   21,  1896 

Committee  discharged  and  bill  debated  and 

passed  House. 

54th  .  . 

ist.  . 

Dec.   22,  1896 
May   12,  1896 

Approved  by  President. 
Resolution  in  Senate  to  accept  invitation 

and  appoint  committee  to  attend  Exposi- 

tion; passed. 

May   28,  1896 
May   29,  1896 

Committee  appointed  in  Senate  to  attend. 
Resolution  in  Senate   to   pay  expenses  of 

committee  appointed  to  attend   Exposi- 

tion; passed. 

S.  Res.  189..  . 

54th  .. 

2d  .. 

Providing  for  the  erection  of  a  Government 

building  at  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Ex- 

position. 

Jan.    n,  1897 

Introduced  in  Senate  by  Mr.  Bate  and  passed. 

Jan.    13,1897 
Jan.    21,  1897 

Passed  House  of  Representatives. 
Approved  by  President. 

H.  Res.  235.  .  . 

54th  .  . 

2d 

To  provide  for  the  expenses  of  the  Tennes- 

see Centennial  commissioners  from  the 

District  of  Columbia. 

Jan.    18,  1897 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 
Mr.  Washington  and  referred  to  Commit- 

H. R.  8878.  .  .  . 

55th  .  . 

2d.. 

tee  011  Appropriations. 
For  the  relief  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial 

Company.. 

Mar.     7,  1898 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 

Mr.  Gaines  and  referred  to  Committee  on 

Claims. 

H.  J.  Res.  249 

56th 

ist 

Providing  for  the  publication  of  the  report 

of  the  board  of  management  of  the  United 

States  Government  exhibit  at  the  Ten- 

nessee Centennial  Exposition. 

May     7,  1900 

Introduced  in  House  of  Representatives  by 

t 

Mr.  Brownlow  and  referred  to  Committee 

on  Printing. 

2d  .. 

Feb.   25,  1901 

Reported     back    with     amendments,    and 

Feb.  26,  1901 

passed  by  House  of  Representatives. 
Referred  to  Senate  Committee  on  Printing. 

Feb.  28,  1901 
Mar.    4,  1901 

Reported  back  and  passed  Senate. 
Approved  by  the  President. 

Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  42. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  143 

APPENDIX  C. 

TENNESSEE   CENTENNIAL  EXPOSITION,  1897. 

OFFICERS. 

JOHN  W.  THOMAS,  President. 

V.  L.  KIRKMAN,  Nashville,  First  Vice-President. 

W.  A.  HENDERSON,  Knoxville,  Second  Vice-President. 

JOHN  OVERTON,  Jr.,  Memphis,  Third  Vice-President. 

CHARLES  E.  CURREY,  Secretary. 

W.  P.  TANNER,  Treasurer. 

E.  C.  LEWIS,  Director-General. 

A.  W.  Wins,  Commissioner-General. 

FRANK  GOODMAN,  Auditor. 

S.  A.  CHAMPION,  General  Counsel. 

OFFICE   OF   THE   DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

E.  C.  LEWIS,  Director-General. 
W.  H.  BRUCE,  Chief  Clerk. 

DIRECTOR   OF   AFFAIRS. 

WILLIAM  L.  DUDLEY. 

GROUNDS   AND   BUILDINGS. 

ROBERT  T.  CREIGHTON,  Engineer  in  Charge. 

W.  B .  FELTS,  Bookkeeper. 

EASTMAN  G.  CURREY,  Commandant  of  the  Guard. 

BUREAU   OF   PROMOTION   AND   PUBLICITY. 

HERMAN  JUSTI,  Chief. 


APPENDIX  D. 

CHARTER  OF   INCORPORATION  OF  THE   CENTENNIAL/  EXPO- 
SITION COMPANY  OF  TENNESSEE. 

Be  it  known,  that  Nat.  Baxter,  jr.,  W.  H.  Jackson,  A.  W.  Wills,  J.  P. 
Drake,  H.  W.  Buttorff,  J.  B. Killebrew,  J.  L.  Weakley,  J.  D.  Plunket,  Herman 
Justi,  W.  C.  Smith,  John  J.  McCann,  J.  W.  Thomas,  sr.,  F.  T.  Cummins, 
William  L.  Dudley,  and  Thos.  J.  Tyne  are  hereby  constituted  a  body  politic 
and  corporate,  by  the  name  and  style  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  Com- 
pany, for  the  encouragement  and  support  of  art,  agriculture,  horticulture, 
and  mechanic  arts,  such  as  fairs,  expositions,  art  exhibits,  and  associations 


144  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

of  like  nature,  including  associations  for  the  improvement  of  blooded  stock, 
and  objects  of  like  character. 

The  general  powers  of  said  corporation  are:  To  sue  and  be  sued  by  the 
corporate  name;  to  have  and  use  a  common  seal,  which  it  may  alter  at 
pleasure;  if  no  common  seal,  then  the  signature  of  the  name  of  the  corpora- 
tion by  any  duly  authorized  officer  shall  b~  legal  and  binding;  to  purchase 
and  hold,  or  receive  by  gift,  in  addition  to  the  personal  property  owned  by 
said  corporation,  any  real  estate  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  the  corpo- 
rate business,  and  also  to  purchase  or  accept  any  real  estate  in  payment  or 
part  payment  of  any  debt  due  to  the  corporation,  and  sell  realty  for  corpora- 
tion purposes;  to  establish  by-laws  and  make  all  rules  and  regulations,  not 
inconsistent  with  the  law  and  Constitution,  deemed  expedient  for  the 
management  of  corporate  affairs,  and  to  appoint  such  subordinate  officers 
and  agents,  in  addition  to  a  president  and  secretary  or  treasurer,  as  the 
business  of  the  corporation  may  require,  designa  e  the  name  of  the  office 
and  fix  the  compensation  of  the  officer. 

The  following  provisions  and  restrictions  are  coupled  with  said  grant  of 
powers:  A  failure  to  elect  officers  at  the  proper  time  does  not  dissolve  the 
corporation,  but  those  in  office  hold  until  the  election  or  appointment  and 
qualification  of  their  successors.  The  terms  of  all  officers  may  be  fixed  by 
by-laws  of  the  corporation,  the  same  not,  however,  to  exceed  two  years. 
The  corporation  may,  by  by-laws,  make  regulations  concerning  the  sub- 
scription for  or  transfer  of  stock;  fix  upon  the  amount  of  capital  to  be 
invested  in  the  enterprise;  the  division  of  the  same  into  shares;  the  time 
required  for  payment  thereof  by  the  subscribers  for  stock;  the  amount  to 
be  called  for  at  one  time,  and  in  case  of  failure  of  any  stockholder  to  pay 
the  amount  thus  subscribed  by  him  at  the  time  and  in  the  amounts  thus 
called,  a  right  of  action  shall  exist  in  the  corporation  to  sue  said  defaulting 
stockholder  for  the  same.  The  board  of  directors,  which  may  consist  of 
five  or  more  members,  at  the  option  of  the  corporation,  to  be  elected  either 
in  person  or  by  proxy,  by  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast,  each  share  represent- 
ing one  vote;  shall  keep  a  full  and  true  record  of  all  proceedings,  and  an 
annual  statement  of  receipts  and  disbursements  shall  be  copied  on  the 
minutes,  subject  at  all  times  to  the  inspection  of  any  stockholder.  The 
books  of  the  corporation  shall  show  the  original  or  subsequent  stockholders, 
their  respective  interests,  the  amount  which  has  been  paid  on  the  shares 
subscribed,  the  transfer  of  stock,  by  and  to  whom  made,  also  other  trans- 
actions in  which  it  is  presumed  a  stockholder  or  creditor  may  have  an 
interest. 

The  amount  of  unpaid  stock  due  from  a  subscriber  to  the  corporation 
shall  be  a  fund  for  the  payment  of  any  debts  due  from  the  corporation, 
nor  shall  the  transfer  of  stock  by  any  subscriber  relieve  him  from  pay- 
ment, unless  his  transferee  has  paid  up  all  or  any  of  the  balance  due  on 
said  original  subscription. 

By  no  implication  or  construction  shall  the  corporation  be  deemed  to 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  43. 


LAYING  CORNER   STONE  OF  THE   PARTHENON. 


Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  145 

possess  any  powers  except  those  hereby  expressly  given  or  necessarily 
implied  from  the  nature  of  the  business  for  which  the  charter  is  granted, 
and  by  no  inference  whatever  shall  said  corporation  possess  the  power  to 
discount  notes  or  bills,  deal  in  gold  or  silver  coin,  issue  any  evidences  of 
debt  as  currency,  buy  and  sell  any  agricultural  products,  deal  in  merchan- 
dise, or  engage  in  any  business  outside  the  purpose  of  the  charter. 

The  right  is  reserved  to  repeal,  annul,  or  modify  this  charter.  If  it  is 
repealed,  or  if  the  amendments  proposed,  being  not  merely  auxiliary  but 
fundamental,  are  rejected  by  a  vote  representing  more  than  one-half  of 
the  stock,  the  corporation  shall  continue  to  exist  for  the  purpose  of  wind- 
ing up  its  affairs,  but  not  to  enter  upon  any  new  business.  If  the  amend- 
ments or  modifications,  being  fundamental,  are  accepted  by  the  corporation 
as  aforesaid,  in  a  general  meeting  called  for  that  purpose,  any  minor,  mar- 
ried woman,  or  other  person  under  disability,  or  any  stockholder  not 
agreeing  to  accept  of  .the  modification,  shall  cease  to  be  a  .stockholder,  and 
the  corporation  shall  be  liable  to  pay  said  withdrawing  stockholders  the 
par  value  of  their  stock,  if  it  is  worth  so  much;  if  not,  then  so  much  as 
may  be  its  real  value  in  the  market  on  the  day  of  the  withdrawal  of  said 
stockholders  as  aforesaid:  Provided,  That  the  claims  of  all  creditors  are 
to  be  paid  in  preference  to  said  withdrawing  stockholders. 

The  majority  of  the  board  of  directors  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  and 
shall  fill  all  vacancies  until  the  next  election.  The  first  board  of  directors 
shall  consist  of  the  five  or  more  corporators  who  shall  apply  for  and  obtain 
the  charter.  The  said  corporation  may  have  the  right  to  borrow  money 
and  issue  notes  or  bonds  upon  the  faith  of  the  corporate  property,  and 
also  to  execute  a  mortgage  or  mortgages  as  further  security  for  repayment 
of  money  thus  borrowed. 


APPENDIX  E. 

PRESIDENT'S    REPORT,    TOGETHER   WITH   SOME    DATA   SUP- 
PLIED BY  THE  DIRECTOR-GENERAL  AND  THE  AUDITOR. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  the  exposition  company  held  at 
Watkins  Hall,  Monday  evening,  June  13,  1898,  President  John  W.  Thomas 
submitted  the  following  report,  together  with  sundry  data  prepared  by 
Mr.  Frank  Goodman,  the  company's  efficient  auditor: 

To  the  stockholders  of  tJte  Centennial  Exposition  Company  of  Tennessee: 
The  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  admission  of  Tennessee  into  the 
Federal  Union  was,  through  your  liberality  and  patriotism,  appropriately 
celebrated  by  holding  at  Nashville,  from  May  i  to  October  31,  1897,  an 
exposition  of  the  products  and  resources  of  Tennessee.  We  were  also  fav- 
ored with  magnificent  exhibits  from  other  States  and  countries,  and  com- 
plimented with  a  grand  display  by  the  United  States  Government.  The 

H.  Doc.  515 10 


146  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

total  amount  subscribed  to  this  patriotic  enterprise  by  8,300  parties, 
including  $8,510  for  souvenir  certificates,  was  $205,653.03,  of  which 
$39,252.59,  due  from  1,890  subscribers,  remains  unpaid,  leaving  amount 
paid  $166,400.44.  In  addition  to  this,  there  was  appropriated  by  the  State 
of  Tennessee  $50,000,  subscribed  by  the  county  of  Davidson  $50,000,  by  the 
city  of  Nashville  $100,000,  subscribed  and  donated  by  railroads  $106,695, 
making  the  total  amount  paid  $473,095.44.  The  receipts  from  admissions, 
$435>399-95;  concessions,  $124,735.60;  departments,  $27,783.72,  and  sal- 
vage, $32,175.05,  making  a  total  of  $620,094.32,  added  to  the  $473,095.44 
paid  subscriptions,  make  a  grand  total  of  $1,093,189.76,  which  was  dis- 
bursed as  follows: 

Administration  department $63,  964.  82 

Admission  department 25,  134.  18 

Agricultural  department 14,  448.  51 

Art  department 25,  639.  29 

Children's  department  .  . . 2,  452.  78 

Kindergarten  department 628.  35 

Commissioner-general 15,  630.  50 

Promotion  and  publicity 63,  745.  65 

Concessions  department 18,  923.  67 

Electrical  department 67,  991.  17 

Emergency  hospital 3,  239.  84 

Educational  department 408.  80 

Forestry  department 759.  20 

Foreign  department 3,  358.  98 

Geology,  minerals,  and  mines 2,  525.  58 

Grounds  and  buildings 524,  460.  5 1 

Guard  department 38,  329.  38 

History  department 766.  53 

Hygiene  and  medicine  department 789.  63 

Installation  department 3,  728.  60 

Inaugural  ceremonies 7,  212.  oo 

Live-stock  department 551.  77 

Machinery  department 80,  527.  72 

Military  department 9,  085.  08 

Music  and  entertainments 99,  864.  99 

Negro  department 2,  009.  68 

Preliminary  organization 19,  263.  07 

Women's  department 749.  48 


Total i,  093,  189.  76 

Vouchers  for  all  disbursements  have  been  properly  recorded  and  sys- 
tematically filed  in  the  auditor's  office,  and  a  tabulated  statement  of  all 
receipts  and  disbursements  from  July  4,  1894,  to  April  i,  1898,  is  herewith 
submitted.  The  attendance  was  as  follows:  May,  205,351;  June,  302,442; 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  44. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  147 

July,  205,918;  August,  199,213;  September,  273,824;  October,  492,831; 
total,  1,679,579,  of  which  512,887  (mostly  exhibitors,  concessionaries,  and 
employees)  were  admitted  free,  leaving  1,166,629  paid  admissions,  from 
which  was  received  1435,399-95,  an  average  of  37^  cents  each.  The 
|220,ooo  of  bonds  authorized  on  February  4,  1897,  were  not  sold,  but  used 
as  collateral  for  loans  aggregating  $130,000,  all  of  which  have  been  paid, 
the  bonds  returned  and  canceled.  We  are  indebted  to  the  First  National, 
Fourth  National,  American  National,  and  Union  Bank  and  Trust  Com- 
pany, of  Nashville,  to  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  and  Nashville  and 
Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  railroads,  and  to  the  Continental  National 
Bank  and  Mechanics'  National  Bank,  of  New  York,  for  favoring  us  with 
those  loans,  and  especially  to  the  American  National  Bank,  of  Nashville, 
for  repeated  accommodations.  The  financial  obligations  of  the  company 
on  this  date,  June  13,  1898,  are  as  follows:  The  Battle  Abbey  fund, 
$6,026.96;  History  of  the  Exposition,  $2,400;  auditor's  expenses,  $244.25; 
guarantee  of  art  committee,  $500;  court  costs,  $152.39;  total,  $9,323.60. 
To  meet  which  we  have  the  following  assets:  Cash  on  hand,  $39.44;  cash 
in  court  on  commerce  building,  $1,500;  uncollected  accounts  considered 
good,  $1,038.40;  Louisville  and  Nashville,  overcharge  on  pictures,  $64.79; 
600  subscribers  to  Official  History,  $3,000;  estimated  value  of  salvage  on 
hand,  $5,000;  total,  $10,642.63. 

"NASHVILLE,  TENN.,y#;/^  /j,  1898. 

"  DEAR  SIR:  I  had  the  honor  to  submit  to  you  on  November  9,  1897, 
the  date  of  the  last  meeting  of  the  board  of  directors,  a  report  of  the 
organization,  building,  operation,  and  successful  closing  on  October  30, 
of  that  year,  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  Company  of  Tennessee.  This 
report  covered  in  a  general  way  all  the  history  of  your  company,  and  also 
contained  an  estimate  of  the  receipts  likely  to  accrue  from  salvage.  As  a 
number  of  people  were  at  that  time  bidding  upon  this  salvage,  it  was  not 
deemed  best  to  put  a  low  estimate  upon  the  same.  Reports  of  the  chiefs 
of  all  the  different  departments,  with  full  record  of  exhibits,  installation, 
and  presentation,  have  gone  into  the  hands  of  the  historian,  and  will 
appear  in  full  in  the  official  history  now  being  published.  The  cashier 
will  furnish  you  with  a  statement  of  the  company's  present  financial  con- 
dition, and  the  auditor  has  already  furnished  you  with  a  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  receipts  and  disbursements  to  date.  In  addition  to  the  assets 
furnished,  we  have  the  following  structures  still  standing  upon  the 
grounds,  which,  held  intact,  would  be  of  great  value,  but  are  worth  as 
salvage  only  about  $10,000:  Parthenon,  history  building,  auditorium,  flag- 
staff, two  band  stands,  Rialto  and  two  small  bridges,  one  pagoda,  emer- 
gency hospital,  children's  nursery,  and  several  other  minor  structures. 
The  grounds  are  leased,  and  payment  arranged  for  until  September  16, 
1898,  and  you  therefore  have  till  that  time  without  further  arrangement, 
to  remove  these  structures  in  order  to  have  them  bring  any  value  to  you. 
The  Tennessee  Centennial  has  served  its  purpose,  and  the  administration 


148  Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition . 

ended.  Conscious  that  you  have  now  little  left  in  which  I  can  further  aid 
you,  after  three  years  of  constant  service,  sometimes  severe,  but  always 
with  a  pleasant  side,  I  return  you  the  trust  confided  to  me.  I  am  under 
obligations  to  you,  sir,  the  executive  committee,  and  the  directory  for  the 
oft-repeated  assurances  of  confidence  and  approval. 
"Respectfully, 

"  E.  C.  LEWIS,  Director-General. 
"  Maj.  J.  W.  THOMAS, 

'''President  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  Company,  City" 
In  concluding  my  report,  the  president  desires  to  express  his  thanks  to 
the  executive  committee,  the  director-general,  and  other  officials  for  their 
intelligent  and  hearty  cooperation  in  conducting  this  Exposition  to  a 
successful  termination. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

J.  W.  THOMAS,  President. 


APPENDIX  F. 

AUDITOR'S  REPORT. 

The  following  report  includes  receipts  and  disbursements  from  July  4, 
1894,  to  June  13,  1898: 

NASHVILLE,  TENN.,/««*?  13,  1898. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  I  inclose  financial  statement  embracing  the  result  of  all 
financial  transactions  from  the  date  the  company  was  organized,  in  1894, 
to  and  including  the  transactions  of  to-day,  even  those  passed  upon  by 
your  executive  committee  at  its  session  at  3  p.  m.  to-day.  At  times  there 
were  nearly  7,000  open  accounts  upon  our  books,  and  through  which 
$1,101,285.84  were  received  and  $1,101,246.40  disbursed,  leaving  a  balance 
on  hand  at  the  close  of  business  this  evening  of  $39.44,  which  has  been 
verified  by  bank  account. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

FRANK  GOODMAN,  Auditor. 

Maj.  JOHN  W.  THOMAS, 

President  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  Company. 


Accounts  showing  source  of  receipts  and  disbursements,  July  4,  1894,  to 

June  /j,  1898. 

RECEIPTS. 
Subscriptions: 

Individuals,  firms,  and  corporations,  $265,438.02;  city 
of  Nashville,  $100,000;  county  of  Davidson,  $50,000; 
State  of  Tennessee,  $50,000;  souvenir  certificates — in- 
dividuals, $8,460;  States,  $50 $473,  948.  02 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  45. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  149 

Concessions: 

Cash  awards,  $27,622.45;  floor  space,  $13,243.10;  per- 
centages, amusements,  $77,908.47;  total  earnings, 
$118,774.02;  cashiers'  salaries,  $3,953.70;  cash  regis- 
ters, $1,279.48;  tickets,  $732-3° $124,  757.  50 

Admissions: 

Children's  auxiliaries,  $204.26;  gate  receipts,  general, 
$268,058.25;  terminal  station,  $126,775.45;  season 
tickets,  $29,036;  photo  passes,  $12,008.50 436, 082.  46 

Receipts  in  connection  with  departments: 

Electrical,  $16,785.37;  grounds  and  buildings,  $1,299.65; 
guards'  uniforms,  $2,236;  music  and  amusements, 
$1,734.79;  machinery,  $401.25;  water,  $991.11;  souve- 
nir coins,  $1,413.23;  power,  $18.65;  Centennial  City 
(fines),  $1,079.30;  publicity  and  promotion,  $398.50; 
nursery,  Judge  Ferriss,  $51.98;  negro,  $53.62;  miscel- 
laneous, $599.60;  box  storage,  $414.12;  interest  on 
bonds  (city),  $1,112.65;  salvage,  $37,908.04 66,  497.  86 


Total  receipts,  excluding  loans,  renewals,  and 

similar  items I,  101,  285.  84 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

Departments: 

Administration $65,  252.  55 

Publicity  and  promotion — regular  accounts, 
$64,220.95;     commissioner-general,     $15,- 

630.50 79,  851.  45 

Grounds  and  buildings 528,  254.  42 

Art  department 26,  148.  58 

Agricultural 14,  448.  51 

Machinery 80,  533.  04 

Electrical 67,  991.  17 

Geology,  minerals,  and  mines 2,  525.  58 

Forestry 759.  20 

Hygiene,  medical  and  surgical  appliances  .  .  789.  63 

Live  stock  and  poultry 551.  77 

Military 10,  812.  17 

Educational 408.  80 

Children's 3,  081.  13 

Negro 2,  009.  68 

Woman's 749.  48 

Music  and  amusements 100,  122.  99 

Admissions 25,  134.  18 

Concessions '. 18,  923.  67 


150  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Guard $38,  329.  38 

Installation .  3,  728.  60 

Hospital 3,  239.  84 

History 766.  53 

Foreign 3,  358.  98 

Inaugural  ceremonies 7,  212.  oo 

Preliminary  organization .  16,  263.  07 


Total  disbursements,  excluding   loans,  payment  of 

renewals,  etc $i,  101,  246.  40 

Balance,  cash   on   hand   and   in   bank,  close   of  business 
June  13,  1898 39.  44 


Total i,  101,  285.  84 

The  net  value  of  the  company's  assets  amounted  to  about  $10,000, 
which  is  in  excess  of  all  liabilities,  inclusive  of  about  $6,000  of  the  Battle 
Abbey  fund. 

GROUNDS   AND    BUILDINGS. 

The  exact  cost  of  the  various  buildings  proper  is  shown  by  the  books  of 
the  auditor  to  be  as  follows,  the  architects'  fees  and  the  cost  of  grading  in 
all  cases  being  included: 

Agriculture $24,  562.  55 

Children's  5,  302.  30 

History 7,  183.  13 

Hygiene  and  education 12,  364.  22 

Minerals  and  forestry 21,  570.  30 

Transportation 16,  729.  74 

Administration I,  650.  oo 

Emergency  hospital 2,  ooo.  oo 

Band  stand i,  287.  oo 

Entrances 2,  150.  co 

Military  buildings i,  250.  oo 

Press  building i,  850.  oo 

Rialto 3,  800.  oo 

Auditorium 21,  444.  20 

Commerce 45,  238.  27 

Machinery 24,  392.  51 

Negro 12,  759.  77 

Parthenon 34,  61 1.  75 

Woman's •••••• H,  955-  45 

Custom-house 800.  oo 

Bath  houses i,  ooo.  oo 

Boiler  house 3,  083.  18 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  46. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  151 

Flagstaff , $2,  500.  oo 

Nursery 800.  oo 

Power  house 2,  1 22.  30 

Mexican  building i,  090.  oo 

Ornamentation  of  grounds  and  buildings: 

Statue  of  Pallas  Athena i,  594.  20 

Sundry  ornaments  and  decorations 6,  934.  89 

Fountains 2,  941.  50 

Seals,  waterfowl,  and  fish 478.  85 

Floral  department 13,  097.  79 

Sanitary  department 25,  028.  98 

Public-comfort  department 4,  950.  20 

Water  . .  . 17,  304.  15 

Real  estate  purchased 630.  oo 

Sundry  expenses: 

Freight 43,  179.  58 

Materials  14,  832.  70 

Tools,  implements,  etc i,  934.  87 

Fire  protection i,  779.  16 

Fire  insurance 4,  449.  74 

Furniture  and  fixtures 100.  40 

Stationery,  office  supplies 273.  94 

Wages  and  salaries 78,  726.  05 

Rents 17,  033.  75 

Taxes 818.  29 

Advertising 480.  82 

Traveling  expenses 346.  45 

Damage  to  property 240.  oo 

Incidental  expenses 192.  44 

Total  expenses  of  grounds  and  buildings 520,  390.  51 


APPENDIX  G. 

REPORT  OF  DEPARTMENT  OF  CONCESSIONS. 

Total  number  of  concessions  operated •  212 

Gross  receipts  to  concessionaires $620,  223.  65 


Revenue,  debits 123,  265.  84 

Advancement,  debits 8,  078.  30 


Total  debits 13!,  344.  14 


1 52  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Cash  credits  on  revenue $i  16,  867.  32 

Cash  credit  on  advancements 6,  342.  53 

Credits  by  vouchers  for  erroneous  charges  and  rebates 3,  831.  57 


Total  credit,  all  sources 127,  041.  42 


Total  debits 131,  344.  14 

Total  credits 127,  041.  42 


Balance  uncollected 4,  302.  72 

In  hands  of  attorneys,  considered  good $i,  263.  20 

In  hands  of  attorneys,  considered  doubtful 429.  40 

Worthless 2,  610.  1 2 

4,  302.  72 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  NET  REVENUE. 

Total  charges,  all  sources  . %^-l^-,  344-  14 

Less  charge  for  deposits,  refunded $381.  30 

Rebate  vouchers  and  erroneous  charges 3,  831.  57 

4,212.87 


127,131.27 

Received  from  amusements $57,  518.  34 

Received  from  restaurants,  lunches,  and  beer. ...     28,  210.  20 

Received  from  cigars  and  tobacco.  .• 2,  952.  98 

Received  from  souvenirs  and  novelties 3,  141.  13 

Received  from  soft  drinks 5,  065.  90 

Received  from  peanuts,  popcorn,  fruit,  and  candy .       5,  155.  36 

Received  from  merchandise 24,  317.  26 

Received  from  slot  machines 770.  10 

127,131.27 

CHARGES  BY   MONTHS. 

Total  to  May  I $33,  829.  oo 

Total  for  May 1 1,  228.  22 

Total  for  June 25,  382.  23 

Total  for  July 13,  084.  22 

Total  for  August TO,  897.  5 1 

Total  for  September 13,  841.  73 

Total  for  October 22,  097.  43 

Total  to  December  31 602.  50 

Total  refunded 381.  30 

Total 131,  344.  14 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  47. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  153 

Statement  of  cost  of  operating  and  net  profit  of  department  of  concessions. 

Total  charges  to  concessionaires $13 1,  344.  14 

Cost  of  cash  registers $2,  080.  65 

Return  from  cash  registers 2,  099.  48 

18.83 

1131,362.97 

Less  advancement  account,  cashiers,  registers, 
and  tickets 8,  078.  30 

Less  rebates  and  erroneous  charges 3,  465-  Si 

11,544.11 

Net  revenues  derived H9>  818.  86 

Salaries  of  clerks,  pre-Exposition $525.  oo 

Salaries  of  chief  of  department   and 

assistants 3,  309.  48 

Salaries  of  gatemen,  relief  force 251.  35 

$6,085.83 

Salaries  of  gondola  gatemen 468.  oo 

Salaries  of  gondoliers I,  978.  60 

Cost  of  gondolas,  freight,  and  repairs,      i,  561.  oo 

4,  007.  60 

Stationery  and  office  supplies 400.  oo 

Cost  of  3,500,000  tickets  for  conces- 
sions   $i,  135.  18 

Less  amount  charged  concessionaires .         942.  45 

192-  73 

Total  cost  of  operating 10,  686.  16 

Net  profit 109,  132.  70 


Day. 


APPENDIX  H. 

Statistics  of  department  of  admissions,  by  months. 
MAY. 


Opening  day 

Essenic  Knights 


Mexico  and  children's  day. 


Art 

Public  school  art  day . . 

Mothers'  day 

Suffrage  day  

Tammany  day 


Total 

daily 

attend- 


20,317 
4.740 
5,330 
5,958 
4,703 
6,566 

14, 602 
4,327 
4,i5i 
8, 161 


Total 
daily 
paid 
attend- 
ance. 


i!  768 
1,804 
3,024 

1,979 
3,214 
9,748 
1,171 
i,  182 
3,926 


Total  daily 

cash 
receipts. 


$3, 304.  75 
706.00 
683.  25 
1,088.00 
756. 50 
738.  25 

2,  21 1.  60 
496.  25 

5°4-  75 
I,  532.  75 


154'  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Statistics  of  department  of  admissions,  by  mon ths— Continued. 

MAY— Continued. 


Day. 

Occasion. 

Total 
daily 
attend- 
ance. 

Total 
daily 
paid 
attend- 
ance. 

Total  daily 
cash 
receipts. 

13 
14 
15 

II 

19 

20 
21 
22 

24 

s 

27 
28 
29 
31 

6,394 
5,264 
13,  243 
6,130 
5,  958 
8,115 
6,762 
,  5,  782 
-    13,415 
7,728 
6,505 

9,  !72 

7,3/o 
6,721 
1  1  ,  400 
6,53i 

2,596 
i,794 
8,000 
2,  358 
8*313 
4,192 
3,001 
3,2/6 
9,362 
4,191 
3,238 
5,812 
3,656 
3,  534 
7,800 
3,288 

$954-50 
698.  oo 
2,818.00 
923.  50 
881.50 
1,484-75 
i,  205.  50 
1,133-25 
2,  825.  55 
1,480.15 
i,  139-  05 
1,925.75 
2,  358.  55 
1,306.95 
2,  358.  55 
i,  180.  45 

Tennessee  College  day  
Knights  of  Pythias                      .                     

Woman's  Musical  Congress  
Tennessee  bankers'  day 

Belmont  School                                                     

Kentucky  and  Queen  Victoria  day  
State  Federation  Woman's  Clubs  
Greek  letter  fraternities  
\rt  day                                                                       .... 

Wisconsin  day     .     ...                  

Total 

205,351 

104,  525 

35,72i.6o 

JUNE. 


I 

Tennessee  day           

12  595 

9,o8l 

$2,  875.  35 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 

7  3^1 

4  °47 

i  471.  85 

3 

6,746 

T.    SO9 

i,  274.35 

4 

Travelers'  Protective  Association  

7,394 
19  171 

4,  289 
14  840 

1,521.25 

3  822  85 

7 
8 

Gallatin  and  Summer  counties  
Master  Plumbers  of  Tennessee 

6,590 
7  260 

3,  363 
4  782 

i,  "9-55 
i,  459  95 

9 

Winter  Wheat  Millers;   Knights  and  Ladies  of 
Dixie                                                                  .... 

9  546 

6,  131 

2,  041.  15 

10 

Alabama  Press  Association  

8,086 

4,  207 

i,  552.  55 

ii 

McKinley  and  Ohio  day  

25,212 
15  169 

20,  792 

10  348 

7,  346.  25 
3  932  65 

14 

Lebanon  and  Wilson  County  day  

7,  791 

4,398 

i,  416.  55 

15 

Kappa  Alpha  Fraternity;  Giles  County  schools  . 

6,948 
o  824 

3,321 

6  278 

1,191.45 
2  nf>  75 

17 

Knoxville  day                        

7,983 

4,  292 

i,  570.  80 

TS 

7  007 

3  682 

i,  284  75 

19 

10,  432 

6,  729 

2,  016.  90 

21 

10   OIO 

6,528 

2,  447.  5O 

IQ    1^4 

15  421 

6  067  25 

2T. 

do                      

28.312 

24,  407 

10,  055.  95 

do 

26  599 

22   657 

8,  887  95 

25 
26 

Florida  day;  Pea  body  normal  teachers'  day  
Georgia  day;  Franklin  and  Williamson  County 
day  

10,  126 
11,567 

7,059 

7,  797 

2,  920.  95 

2,  535.  IO 

28 
29 

Bowling  Green  and  Franklin,  Ky.,  day  
Columbia  and  Maury  County  day  

6,5*4 
6,936 
8  124 

3i286 
3,788 

4  927 

1,202.05 
I,  310.  85 
I   630  4S 

Total 

302  442 

209,  929 

75,  °93  oo 

JULY. 

i 

2 

Phi  Gamma  Delta  Fraternity  
do  

5,854 

5,377 

2,772 
2,400 

$i,  007.  40 
873.  10 

Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  Fraternity  

21,  805 
5,76Q 

18,  243 
2,  8l3 

3,  955-  10 
i,  039.  30 

Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  48. 


Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  155 

Statistics  of  department  of  admissions,  by  months — Continued. 
JULY — Continued. 


Day. 

Occasion. 

Total 
daily 
attend- 
ance. 

Total 
daily 
paid 
attend- 
ance. 

Total  daily 
cash 
receipts. 

6 

4,628 

1,931 

$775-  80 

7,  209 

4,  176 

i,  443.  25 

g 

4  820 

3  ^70 

007  45 

Dixie                 .         

4,881 

2,  054 

709.85 

10 

Normals,  Alabama  (negro)  

9,749 

C     CTC 

5,582 
2  s86 

i,  954-  30 
884  30 

S«  43° 

2,  582 

896  50 

6  993 

4  148 

i  420  80 

is 
16 

South  Pittsburg  
Cotton  Seed  Crushers'  Convention 

5,085 

5  394 

2,422 

2,  5OO 

927.90 
877  05 

7  796 

19 

2,318 

5  068 

848.  95 

21 

State  teachers'  Tennessee  druggists  

7,485 

4,648 

1,  652.  85 

22 

Virginia  Press  Association  

6,380 

s  ^80 

3,846 

I,  346.  20 
ogr    6S 

do                            

8,071 

5,  522 

i,  780  55 

26 

i  Ten 

27 
28 
29 

Tennessee  Bar  Association  
Tennessee    Bar    Association;   Negro    Working 
People's  dav          .          

5,449 
9,636 
11,441 

2,728 
6,419 

8,  036 

965-05 
i,  954-  25 
2,  552.  45 

10  182 

6  732 

31 

18,  186 

14,  287 

4,  512.  ^5 

Total 

AUGUST. 


c  os8 

3 

Stenographers'  Centennial  Association  
Stenographers'  day 

3,375 
2  618 

6,050 

i,  096.  50 

C 

do  

4,  237 

7  060 

I   4Is   2S 

6 
7 

do  
Monteagle  day 

2,615 

5,014 

929-  35 

i  "\~i~i  S=> 

9 
10 

County  court  day  
New  Orleans  and  Louisiana  day 

2,625 
4  ^88 

5,687 

906.  15 

ii 

-5  186 

12 
13 

Louisville  Red  Men's  day  

7,145 

10,  257 

2,  604.  25 

14 

16 

2   ^S7 

17 

"Webb's  School 

18 

Lumber   Manufacturers,   Hoo-Hoos,  and   State 
Board  of  Health  

6,  02  1 

19 

4  QI7 

7  600 

i  762  ^s 

20 
21 

Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  employees.  .  .  . 

3.263 

5,  906 

i,  226.  95 

24 

United   Presbyterians 

0)  A31 

25 
26 

Centennial  negro  employees  
Woodmen's  day  

13,  183 

16,099 

3,  623.  05 

27 

A       ig^ 

7  028 

28 

3° 

Sigma  Chi  Fraternity  
General  insurance  agents  

5,657 
2,  443 

8,755 
8  147 

1,859-65 
08^   55 

31 



,  70   .00 

Total 

156 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


Statistics  of  department  of  admissions,  by  months — Continued. 
vSEPTEMBER. 


Day. 

Occasion. 

Total 
daily 
attend- 
ance. 

Total 
dailv 
paid 
attend- 
ance. 

Total  daily 
cash 
receipts. 

i 

National  Race  Council  
do                                                  ... 

7,586 
8  242 

4,753 

c    4l8 

$i,  579.  oo 

8  280 

4 
6 

Brandon's  School  

9,679 

7   S4Q 

4  652 

2,  146.  75 
i  578  25 

7 

United  States  Veterinary  Medical  Association  — 
Iowa                            

9  595 

6  918 

2   27Q    SO 

8 

do 

6  7IS 

-,  088 

9 

American  fruit  growers  

8,  597 

5,  784 

2,  043  95 

Vegetable  growers                             .        

7  830 

4  833 

4i  SS8 

?8  06-; 

13 

Shelby  County  and  Memphis  da}" 

5,618 
10  510 

2,651 
7  ^80 

958.  95 

T5 

Norfolk  day,  old-time  telegraphers  

7  -245 

4,  456 

i,  752.  45 

Old  time  telegraphers          .     '  ' 

7  525 

4  658 

i  771  90 

17 

Old-time  telegraphers  and  physicians  and  sur- 
geons      .          .   .,'„  

5  866 

2,  979 

i,  084  65 

18 

Arkansas  day  children's  carnival 

1  6  708 

13  016 

•3  Sen  4S 

20 

Young  Men's  Institute  

6,  063 

3,  J63 

i,  259.  55 

21 
22 

Irish-  American  day,  Mexican  veterans  
A.  O.  U.  W.,  American   Forestry,  and   Chatta- 
nooga day    

16,  257 
19,  349 

12,  8ll 

1  6,  293 

5,  045.  50 

^,  0^3  40 

Massachusetts  day 

7  745 

4  778 

i  826  65 

24 

2S 

National  Spiritualists  Association  
do                   .                     .                        

5,76i 
9  03° 

3,043 
5,816 

i,  141.  10 
i  852  05 

2   874 

i  007  65 

28 

J.  0.  U.  A.  M  

9,799 
6  952 

6,795 
3  667 

2,  251.40 
I    416    7O 

3° 

Kate  Kirkman  day  

17,  740 

14,  226 

5,  323.45 

Total 

273  824 

IQS   74^ 

OCTOBER. 


I 

2 

4 

i 

7 

8 

9 
ii 

12 

13 
14 
15 

16 

18 
19 

20 

21 

22 
23 

Crockett  Clan                                                         

5,9i7 
9,177 
5,269 
10,  117 
13,618 

13,  753 
35,062 
16,002 
8,854 

10,  326 
11,049 
14,909 

10,  578 
16,  387 

8,519 
9>793 

11,681 
33,  449 

15,  200 

29,  334 

2,687 
5,530 
2,325 
6,900 
9,844 

10,  132 
30,  829 
13,  575 
5,604 

7,336 

7-856 
",592 

7-364 
12,870 

5,35i 
7,127 

8,070 

29,  957 
11,851 
25,  926 

$945-  75 
i,  736.  25 
708.25 
2,  777-  70 
3,  726.  70 

4,  086.  20 

12,778.  20 

4,  93°-  °5 
2,  055.  60 

2,817.80 
3,  150.  05 
4,  543-  20 

2,  853.  75 
4,  163.  10 

1,960.95 
3,113-25 

3,  183.  20 
10,  105.  60 
4,  945-  90 
8,  241.  75 

Rhode  Island  day   Evansville  day 

German-American  day,  Michigan  day  

King's    Mountain,   New   Jersey,   Montgomery 
County  day  

Nebraska  day  

Vanderbilt,  Brooklyn,  Artists'  and  Authors'  day. 
New  York  State,    Delaware,  and  Connecticut 
day  

Episcopal,  New  York  City,  and  Maccabees  day. 

Tennessee  Women's,  Commissioners,  Tennes- 
see College  day                              .         

Missouri,  Negro  Preachers'  and  Meharry  Alum- 
iii  day  
Theosophists,  Colonial    Dames,  and    Vermont 
day  

Congress  of  Religions,  Odd  Fellows,  D.  A.  R.  .  .  . 
Congress  of  Religions,  West  Virginia,  Florida 
tobacco  growers  

Director-General's  day  

Public  Schools  and  Memphis  day  

~ 

O 

ITY 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  49. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition, 
Statistics  of  department  of  admissions,  by  months — Continued. 

OCTOBER— Continued. 


157 


Day. 

Occasion. 

Total 
daily 
attend- 
ance. 

Total 
daily 
paid 
attend- 
ance. 

Total  daily 
cash 
receipts. 

25 

Wholesale  and  retail  clerks,  W.  N.  Press  Asso- 

9  272 

6  218 

$2  133  75 

26 

National  Council  of  Women  

14,  588 

ii,  333 

4,  297.  50 

Pythian  Press  and  Ward  Seminary 

18  141 

M7OO 

5  697  70 

06 

QS  06  1 

29 

Council  of  Jewish  Women  
do 

21,540 
41  7°3 

18,934 

7C     407 

7,  225.  45 
9  740  10 

Total 

492  831 

40  S  ^69 

145  454.  15 

Summary  of  attendance. 


Total 
i     attend- 
ance. 

Paid 
attend- 
ance. 

Cash  re- 
ceipts. 
(From  ad- 
missions. ) 

June     302,  442 

209  929 

julv                         .          .        j        205913 

126  4.OS 

September         '        273  824 

IQS  74^ 

*.  679.579 

I,  166,692 

408,  989.  9o 

Balance  season  tickets  etc  99  493 

Attendance  after  November  i                v                                     2  602 

Total  ...            .                                                     J  i  786  714 

Estimated  number  entering  wagon  gates  not  accounted  by  turnstiles,  100,000. 

Comparative  statement. 

LARGEST  DAYS  AT  ATLANTA  EXPOSITION. 


DUe. 

Occasion. 

Paid  at- 
tendance. 

Total  at- 
tendance. 

Nov    28 

Atlanta 

cO    iif. 

Oct.      9 

Liberty  Bell    

Oct     23 

President 

21    388 

Nov.  19 

Georgia  and  Grady  

Nov    29 

Women's  convention 

1  8  264 

Nov.  13 

Commercial  travelers  

17  067 

Oct.    31 

First  Atlanta  

Nov.  20 

Louisiana 

18  728 

Total     

188  388 

158 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


Comparative  statement — Continued. 

I.ARGEST  DAYS  AT  TENNESSEE  CENTENNIAL. 


Date. 

Occasion. 

Paid  at- 
tendance. 

Total  at- 
tendance. 

Oct     28 

Thomas 

95  961 

98  579 

Sept  ii 

Nashville 

38  963 

41  ss8 

Oct.  '    8 

OCt       21 

Nebraska  day  
Director-General 

30,  829 
29  957 

35-  062 
33  449 

Oct     23 

25  926 

29  334 

June  23 

Confederate  veterans  

24,  407 

22   657 

28,  342 
26  599 

2O    792 

25    212 

Total 

289   492 

318   135 

APPENDIX   I. 

LIST  OF  SPECIAL  DAYS,  CONGRESSES,  ETC. 

May  i . — Formal  opening  of  the  Exposition.  Moretti  fountain  started. 
Formal  opening  of  the  children's  building.  New  Union  Depot,  enlarged 
to  accommodate  centennial  travel,  formally  opened.  Fisk  students  enter- 
tained in  the  negro  building.  Dedication  of  the  Knoxville  building. 
Reception  in  the  woman's  building.  Bellstedt-Ballenberg  Band  began 
their  engagement. 

May  1-3. — Supreme  Senate  Knights  of  the  Ancient  Essenic  Order. 

May  3. — Formal  opening  of  the  woman's  building.  Arion  begins  his 
engagement,  walking  on  the  live  wire. 

May  4. — Corn  show  in  agriculture  building. 

May  4-6. — Hermitage  convocation. 

May  5. — First  children's  day. 

May  6. — First  flight  of  Barnard's  air  ship. 

May  7. — Ossoli  Circle  convocation.     Art  day  for  the  United  States. 

May  7-8. — Freight  Claim  Association. 

May  8. — Public  school  art  day. 

May  //. — National  Association  Railroad  Air  Brakemen.  Formal  open- 
ing of  the  Parthenon.  Mothers'  convocation. 

May  11-13. — Tennessee  Medical  Society. 

May  /p. —Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  Tennessee.  Wolverine  Press 
Association.  President  Thomas  presented  with  a  bust  of  himself. 

May  12-14. — Equal  suffrage  convocation. 

May  15. — Knights  of  Pythias  day.     Children's  day. 

May  17-18. — Woman's  musical  congress. 

May  77. — Formal  opening  of  the  Government  building. 

May  18-20. — National  Good  Citizens'  convention. 

May  /p.— College  day  convocation.  Homoeopathic  Medical  Society  of 
Tennessee.  Supreme  Council  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  50. 


Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  159 

May  19-20. — Tennessee  State  Bankers'  Association. 

May  19-21.  —National  Association  Officials  of  Labor. 

May  20. — Hocking  Valley  Editorial  Association.  Strawberry  show  in 
agriculture  building.  Formal  proclamation  of  the  completion  of  the  Expo- 
sition. Wilmington,  N.  C.,  day.  U.  O.  G.  C.  day. 

May  21. — Industrial  agents  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line.  Belmont  College 
convocation.  Opening  of  the  Blue  Grotto.  Chinese  village  complete. 

May  22.—  Appearance  of  the  Apollo  Club,  Cincinnati.  King's  Daugh- 
ters' convocation. 

May  ^.—Kentucky  day.     Victoria  day  convocation. 

May  25.—  Announcement  of  the  prize  pictures. 

May  25-26. — State  Federation  of  Woman's  Clubs. 

May  26. — Greek  letter  fraternities'  day. 

May  27. — Congressional  delegation  of  fifty.  First  parade  of  the  Orien- 
tals. Gondola  regatta. 

May  27-29. — Southern  Wholesale  Grocers'  Association. 

May  28. — State  Press  Association  of  Georgia.     Railway  conductors. 

May  29. — Wisconsin  day.  Formal  opening  of  the  foreign  section. 
Bellstedt's  "Director-General  March"  plaj-ed  for  the  first  time. 

May  jo.  —South  Carolina  Press  Association. 

May  31. — Bank  clerks'  day.  Order  of  Railway  Conductors.  Palmistry 
demonstration  in  woman's  building. 

June  i. — Tennessee  day.  Governors'  day.  National  Traveler's  Protect- 
ive Association.  Giant  seesaw  started. 

June  1-5. — Grand  Lodge  Knights  and  Ladies  of  Honor. 

June  2. — Formal  opening  of  the  press  building.  Sons  of  Veterans, 
U.  S.  A.,  Alabama  and  Tennessee.  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  Depart- 
ment of  Tennessee.  State  League  of  Republican  Clubs. 

June  3. — Bread  display  in  the  agriculture  building. 

June  3-6. — Epworth  League  State  conference. 

June  4.—  National  Traveler's  Protective  Association  day. 

June  5. — Arkansas  Press  Association.  Formal  opening  of  the  negro  build- 
ing. Conclusion  of  the  engagement  of  the  Bellstedt-Ballenberg  Band. 

June  7. — United  States  soldiers  arrive  at  the  Exposition.  Gallatin  and 
Sunnier  County  day.  Beginning  of  engagement  of  Innes's  Band.  Innes's 
"Belle  of  Nashville  "  played  first  time. 

June  8. — Tennessee  Master  Plumbers'  Association.  First  exhibition  of 
cylindrical  cotton-bale  machine. 

June  9.—  Winter  wheat  millers'  day.  Air  ship  burst  at  an  .altitude  of 
2,000  feet.  Southern  League  of  Master  Plumbers. 

June  10. — Alabama  Press  Association  day.  New  York  room  of  the 
woman's  building  opened  formally.  Raspberry  show  in  agriculture 
building. 

June  //.—Ohio  day.     President  McKinley  day. 

June  ii-i2. — Ohio  Press  Association  days. 


160  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

June  12. — Epworth  League  day.  Illinois  building  turned  over  to  the 
Exposition  by  the  Illinois  commission.  Cincinnati  day. 

June  14. — Fisk  University  day. 

June  15. — Tennessee  Press  Association  day.  Kappa  Alpha  day.  Mary- 
land Press  Association  day.  Contracting  freight  agents  of  the  Georgia 
Railroad. 

June  76-77. — Virginia  days. 

June  17. — Knoxville  day.  Knights  of  the  Wise  Men.  Mary  Baldwin 
Seminary  Alumnae. 

June  17-19. — Pi  Kappa  Alpha. 

June  18. — Central  Traffic  Association. 

June  79. — Early  vegetable  show  in  agriculture  building. 

June  21. — Missouri  Press  Association.  Kentucky  Press  Association  day. 
English  jubilee  day.  Knights  Templar  Grand  Commandery  (colored). 
Grand  Lodge  A.  F.  and  A.  M.  (colored),  for  three  days. 

June  22-23. — State  Teachers'  Association  (colored). 

June  22-24. — United  Confederate  Veterans'  days. 

June  22-25. — Colored  educational  congress. 

June  22-25. --Grand  Chapter  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star. 

June  23. — Texas  day.  Ashby's  Tennessee  Cavalry  Brigade.  Survivors 
of  Archer's  Brigade.  Tennessee  Division  U.  C.  V. 

June  24. — Confederate  day 

June  25. — Georgia  women's  convocation.  Peabody  Normal  College 
day.  Teachers'  day. 

June  26. — Georgia  Press  Association.  Georgia  day.  Franklin  and  Wil- 
liamson County  day.  Reception  of  Georgia  women  in  woman's  building. 
Innes's  "A  night  at  the  Centennial,"  first  time. 

June  28.—  Franklin  and  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  day. 

June  28-30.  — Armour  Drill  Corps,  of  Chicago. 

June  29. — Columbia  and  Maury  County  day. 

June  29-30. — Million-dollar  diamond  display  in  commerce  building. 

June  3o-July  i. — Phi  Gamma  Delta  Fraternity. 

July  i. — Pan-American  Congress.     Phi  Gamma  Delta  day. 

July  1-3. — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon. 

July  2-5. —  National  Reform  Press  Association. 

July  3. — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  day.     Independence  Day  celebration. 

July  3-5. — Southern  Indiana  Press  Association. 

July  5. — Commonwealth  conference  day. 

July  5-6. — Conference  of  Populist  leaders. 

July  6-8.—  State  Dental  Society. 

July  7-8.  —Conference  of  Grand  Dictators  and  Reporters,  Knights  of 
Honor. 

July  9. — Knights  and  Ladies  of  Dixie  Guards  of  Memphis. 

July  10. — Children's  carnival.  Normal  day.  Alabama  Negro  Normal 
College  day. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  51. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  ,  161 

July  12.—  Texas  Press  Association.     Northwest  Texas  Press  Association. 

July  12-13. — Ep worth  League  days. 

July  13-14. — Baptist  Young  People's  Union. 

July  /./.  —  Mrs.  Hettie  Bradley  Kelly  in  woman's  building. 

July  75. — South  Pittsburg  and  Marion  County  day. 

July  15-17. — Georgia  Weekly  Press  Association. 

July  16. — Reception  to  Women's  Centennial  Ward  Clubs  in  woman's 
building. 

July  16-17. — Cotton-seed  crushers  of  the  South. 

July  20. — Baptist  day.  International  Association  of  Distributers'  day. 
Eighth  Tennessee  Regiment.  Cumberland  day. 

July  20-2-2. — Senate  National  Union. 

July  20-22. — State  Teachers'  Association. 

July  20-21.  —Tennessee  Life  Insurance  Agents'  Association. 

July  21-22. — Tennessee  Druggists'  Association. 

July  22-24. — West  Virginia  Press  Association. 

July  23-24.— Cowboys'  League  day. 

July  28-30. — Tennessee  Bar  Association. 

July  29-31. — Negro  Working  People's  Labor  and  Art  Association. 

July  29-31. — Innes's  spectacular  "War  and  Peace." 

July  30. — Laurinburg,  S.  C.,  day. 

July  31. — Conclusion  of  engagement  of  Innes's  Band. 

August  2.  —Beginning  of  engagement  of  Victor  Herbert's  Twenty-second 
Regiment  Band. 

August  j-j.  — Stenographers'  days. 

August  5. — Cheraw,  S.  C.,  day. 

August  7. — Monteagle  day. 

August  9. — County  courts'  day. 

August  9-14. — Military  week. 

August  10. — Grape  show.  New  Orleans  and  Louisiana  day  and  New 
Orleans  Washington  Artillery. 

August  12.- — Louisville  Red  Men's  day.  Custer  massacre  reproduced. 
Southern  Pines  day. 

August  13. — Fruit  showr  in  agriculture  building. 

August  14. — Local  talent  day  in  the  woman's  building. 

August  75. — Sham  battle  by  United  States  and  State  troops. 

August  //. — Daughters  of  American  Auxiliary  to  the  Junior  Order  of 
United  American  Mechanics  day.  Webb's  School  day.  Vegetable  show 
in  agriculture  building.  Southern  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association. 
Alabama  Car  Service  Association. 

August  17-19. — Colored  Odd  Fellows  of  Tennessee. 

August  iS.— Order  of  Hoo  Hoo.  State  Board  of  Health.  National  con- 
ference of  State  Board  of  Health.  Health  officers  of  Tennessee. 

August  19. — Texas  negroes'  day. 

H.  Doc.  515 n 


1 62  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

August  20. — Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  employees'  day  (I/ouis- 
ville).  East  Tennessee  fruit  exhibit  at  Knoxville  building. 

August  24. — Knights  and  Daughters  of  Tabor.  Brothers  of  Friendship 
and  Sisters  of  the  Mysterious  Ten. 

August  24-27. — Cincinnati  Enquirer  Club. 

August  25. — Centennial  negro  employees'  day.  Young  People's  Chris- 
tian Union  day.  Pearl  School  Drill  Corps. 

August  25-29. — Sigma  Chi. 

August  26. — Ivumberton,  N.  C.,  day.     Memphis  Woodmen's  day. 

August  28. — Montgomery  County  negro  day. 

August  jo. — General  Insurance  Agents'  Convention  day. 

August  jo  to  September  2.— Cumberland  Presbyterian  Conference. 

September  i. — Cake,  bread,  honey,  and  wine  display  in  agriculture  build- 
ing. Recital  in  woman's  building,  Miss  Sax  and  Mrs.  Dreier. 

September  1-2. — National  Race  Council  days. 

September  2. — Indiana  Woman  Suffrage  Association. 

September  j. — Carroll  County  day.    Coffee  County  and  Moore  County  day. 

September  6. — Labor  Day. 

September  7. — Iowa  da}'.  Close  of  engagement  of  Victor  Herbert's 
band. 

September  7-8. — Association  of  Experiment  Station  Veterinarians. 

September  7-9. — United  States  Veterinary  Medical  Association.  State 
Veterinary  Medical  Association. 

September  8. — Beginning  of  engagement  of  Conterno's  band. 

September  8-10. — American  Fruit  Growers'  Union. 

September  9. — American  Fruit  Growers'  day.  Recital  in  woman's 
building,  Miss  Sax  arid  Mr.  Washburn. 

September  10. — Brandon  Training  School  day.  Fruit  and  Vegetable 
Growers'  day.  Bedford  County  day.  Warren  County  and  White  County 
day. 

September  ii. — Nashville  day.  Conterno's  "Battles  of  Our  Nation," 
first  time.  Attendance  passed  the  million  mark.  Classical  concert  in 
woman's  building. 

September  14. — Cotton  day.  Memphis  day.  Shelby  County  day.  Mar- 
shall County  day. 

September  14-15. — International  Association  of  Fire,  Police,  and  Tele- 
graph Superintendents.  Tennessee  Association  of  Deaf  Mutes. 

September  15. — Southern  Irrigation  Congress.  Business  Woman's  Con- 
vocation. United  States  Military  Telegraph  Corps. 

September  15-17. — Old-Time  Telegraphers.  National  Association  of 
Colored  Women. 

September  16.  — Free  Home  League  of  Oklahoma  day. 

September  76-18. — National  Road  Parliament. 

September  77.— Physicians  and  Surgeons'  day. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  52. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  163 

September  18.  —  Louisville  and  Nashville  shop  men  from  Howell,  Ind. 
Mother  Goose  Carnival,  Children's  day.  Arkansas  Day  Convocation  in 
the  woman's  building. 

September  20. — Young  Men's  Institute  day. 

September  21.— Irish  -American  day.  Carnival  pageant.  Sham  battle 
reproducing  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  Governor  Wolcott  and  party 
arrive  from  Massachusetts. 

September  21-23. — National  Association  of  Mexican  War  Veterans. 

September  22. — American  Society  of  Railroad  Superintendents.  Ancient 
Order  United  Workmen  day.  American  Forestry  Association.  Emanci- 
pation day.  Chattanooga  and  Hamilton  County  day. 

September  23. — Massachusetts  day. 

September  23-26. — National  Spiritualists'  Grand  Mass  Convention. 

September  25.— Parthenon  day.     Bethel  College  day. 

September  27. — Journeymen  Plumbers,  Gas  Fitters,  Steam  Fitters,  and 
Steam  Fitters'  Helpers  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

September  28. — Junior  Order  of  United  American  Mechanics. 

September  28-30. — Peninsular  Press  Association. 

September  29.— Southern  Seed  Congress.  Louisville  and  Nashville  shop 
men  from  New  Decatur,  Ala. 

September  30. — Kate  Kirkman  day.     Fire  underwriters'  day. 

October  i.  — Reunion  of  the  Crockett  Clan. 

October  2. — Conclusion  of  the  engagement  of  Conterno's  band. 

October  4. — Beginning  of  the  reengagement  of  the  Bellstedt-Ballenberg 
band. 

October  4-5. — Art  convocation. 

October  5. — Rhode  Island  day.     Kvansville  day.     Rex  carnival. 

October  5-10. — American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements. 

October  6. — German-American  day.  Detroit  day.  Michigan  day.  Fisk 
Jubilee  day. 

October  6-7. — Liederkranz  Society  of  Louisville. 

October  6-8. — United  Typothetse  of  America.  American  Association  of 
Photoengravers. 

October  7. — North  Carolina  day.  New  Jersey  day.  King's  Mountain 
day.  Congress  of  Southern  Commercial  Clubs.  Southeastern  and  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  Freight  Rate  Association.  Southeastern  Freight  Associa- 
tion, and  Association  of  Railroads  of  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas. 

October  j-io.  — Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 

October  8. — Montgomery  County  day.  Nebraska  day;  William  J.  Bryan. 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  day,  and  Children  of  the  American 
Revolution  Society. 

October  8-9.—  Commercial  Men's  Congress.  American  Association  of 
State  Weather  Service  Officials.  Social  Science  convocation. 

October  9.  —Illinois  day.     Chicago  day.     St.  Bernard  coal  miners'  day. 


164  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

October  //. — Vanderbilt  day.     Brooklyn  day. 

October  11-12. — Authors  and  Artists'  Congress. 

October  11-13. — Local  council  of  Memphis. 

October  12. — New  York  State  day.  Durham,  N.  C.,  day.  Tri-State  Med- 
ical Society,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Tennessee.  Hartford  Phalanx.  Con- 
necticut day.  Delaware  day. 

October  12-14. — Southern  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections.  Na- 
tional Sanitary  Association. 

October  12-15. — American  Association  of  Traveling  Passenger  Agents. 

October 13. — New  York  City  or  Manhattan  day.  Maccabees' day.  Epis- 
copal day. 

October  13-15- — Niagara  Frontier  party  visited  the  Exposition  in  the 
interest  of  the  Pan-American  Exposition. 

October  13-15. — American  Humane  Society.     Sigma  Nu  Fraternity. 

October  /^.—Masonic  day.  International  Association  of  Police  and  Fire 
Telegraph  Superintendents. 

October  14-15. — Watauga  Chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Directors  and  Commissioners. 

October  75.— Kappa  Sigma  day.  Tennessee  College  day.  Reunion  of 
pupils  of  the  famous  Nashville  Female  Academy.  Mystic  Shriners.  Louis- 
ville day. 

October  15-16. — Phi  Delta  Theta  Society.  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion of  Colored  Physicians. 

October  16. — Virginia  Military  Institute  cadets  arrive.  Meharry  Alumni 
day.  Negro  preachers'  day.  Nashville  Club  day.  Missouri  day.  St. 
Louis  day. 

October  18. — Colonial  Dames'  convocation.  Vermont  day.  New  Cen- 
tury day. 

October  18-19. — Theosophical  Society. 

October 18-21. — International  Revenue  Employees'  National  Association. 

October  ig. — Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows'  day.  Liberal  Congress 
of  Religions.  Norfolk,  Va.,  day.  National  Daughters  of  American  Revo- 
lution. 

October  19-21.—  Southern  Homoeopathic  Association. 

October  20. — West  Virginia  day.  Florida  Tobacco  Growers'  day.  Chil- 
dren of  the  American  Revolution.  Tree  planting,  by  Watauga  Chapter, 
Daughters  American  Revolution. 

October  21-23. — General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs. 

October  21. — Director-General  E.  C.  Lewis  day.  Sham  battle.  Ameri- 
can warehousemen's  day. 

October  22. — Farmers'  day.     Alabama  day. 

October  23. — Printers' day.    Laborers' day.    Woman's  Press  Convocation. 
State  school  children's  day.     Memphis  and  Charleston  freight  agents. 
October  25. — Wholesale  and  retail  clerks'  day. 


1 66  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

artistic  beauty  to  the  landscape.  Arbors  of  native  vines,  and  one  arbor 
where  only  the  strange  tropical  vines  of  the  gourd  family  grow,  offer  a  cool 
and  shaded  retreat  to  those  whose  feet  have  trod  the  walks  of  the  Exposi- 
tion till  they  tire  from  the  very  surfeit  of  delight.  Under  the  trees  and  in 
the  arbors  the  sultry  heat  of  the  summer  may  not  reach,  and  spring  and 
autumn  lend  added  beauty  to  the  prospect  when  seen  through  the  green 
curtains  of  the  vines. 

MINERALS  AND   FORESTRY   BUILDING. 

The  first  building  to  greet  the  eye  after  the  visitor  has  fully  admired  the 
prospect  and  starts  on  his  tour  of  the  displays  is  that  known  as  the  min- 
erals and  forestry  building.  It  stands  on  the  space  between  the  northern 
shore  of  Lake  Katharine  and  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Watauga. 
It  is  not  only  prominent,  but  handsome  and  commodious.  It  belongs  to 
the  Doric  order  of  architecture  as  modified  by  the  Romans  when  they  had 
attained  their  highest  excellence  in  the  art  of  building.  Its  size  is  526  by 
124  feet,  with  an  annex  72  by  162  feet.  Its  main  entrances  are  three  in 
number  and  each  is  marked  by  an  imposing  portico  with  six  columns. 
This  gives  the  building  a  pleasing  general  effect.  The  columns  guarding 
the  entrances  are  crowned  by  sculptural  gables  in  high  relief  and  of 
beautifully  appropriate  designs. 

The  minerals  and  forestry  building  is  filled  with  the  products  of  the 
mine  and  forest,  and  includes  every  variety  of  materials  used  for  building 
a  home,  from  the  humblest  cabin  to  the  palace.  Not  only  the  marbles, 
the  stones,  the  clays,  the  minerals,  the  coals,  the  ores,  the  precious  metals, 
and  the  woods  of  Tennessee,  and  the  vast  number  of  their  varied  products 
in  all  branches  of  industrial  art,  there  to  be  shown,  but  there  will  be  some 
of  the  finest  products  of  other  States  in  the  same  lines.  Georgia  has  a 
magnificent  exhibit  of  her  products  in  minerals  and  forestry,  and  other 
States  have  made  valuable  contributions  to  the  same  work.  Two  struc- 
tures inside  the  building  are  of  particular  interest — the  cabin  built  of 
Marshall  County  cedar  logs  taken  from  a  structure  which  stood  for  over 
eighty  years,  and  the  reproduction  of  the  Ann  Hathaway  cottage,  to  be 
used  as  Hamilton  County's  headquarters.  The  State's  display  is  particu- 
larly fine. 

THE  AUDITORIUM. 

West  of  the  minerals  and  forestry  building  stands  the  auditorium, 
where  the  big  concerts  and  conventions  will  have  possession  during  the 
Exposition.  With  a  seating  capacity  of  6,000,  it  is  deemed  ample  for  all 
gatherings  except  on  special  occasions.  Colonial  in  style  and  Ionic  in 
treatment,  its  airy  porticos,  facing  the  points  of  the  compass,  give  the 
building  the  shape  of  a  short  cross,  except  for  the  colonnades  extending 
from  the  main  entrance  around  in  either  direction  to  the  ends  of  the 
building.  Above  the  colonnades  are  balconies  from  which  immense  numbers 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  54. 


Tennessee  Cen ten n ial  Exposition .  167 

of  people  may  -view  the  fireworks  at  night  or  the  pageants  of  the  day. 
From  the  tower,  100  feet  above  the  roof,  can  be  had  a  view  of  the  elec- 
trical effects  at  night  which  will  not  be  equaled  by  any  other  view  on  the 
grounds.  In  the  day  from  this  tower  can  be  had  a  fine  view,  not  only  of 
the  Exposition,  but  of  the  city  of  Nashville  farther  away.  The  inside 
finish  is  of  hard  wood,  and  a  broad  gallery  extends  around  three  sides  of 
the  hall.  The  stage  and  band  pit  are  of  ample  dimensions,  even  for  the 
great  bands  engaged  and  for  the  great  conventions  booked  for  holding 
there  this  summer. 


THE  WOMAN'S  BUILDING. 

The  woman's  building  illustrates  what  woman  has  accomplished  in  the 
past  hundred  years.  The  pioneer's  cabin  of  logs  near  at  hand,  with  spin- 
ning wheel,  hand  loom,  and  all  the  early  implements  with  which  women 
of  that  day  did  their  work,  stands  as  a  forcible  comparison  between  the 
women  of  then  and  the  women  of  now.  Every  appliance  of  modern  art, 
every  convenience  for  the  home,  and  every  decorative  idea  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  higher  tastes  will  be  found  in  the  splendid  palace  which  the 
Exposition  management  has  reared  to  perpetuate  the  high  regard  of  Ten- 
nesseeans  for  woman.  The  woman's  building  is  modeled  a  little  after  the 
Hermitage,  and  some  pleasing  features  of  the  Grecian  architecture  have 
been  added  with  fine  effect.  The  building  is  160  by  65  feet,  and  eight 
massive  columns  support  the  roof,  which  is  surmounted  by  an  observatory. 
A  flight  of  steps  of  pink  Tennessee  marble  lead  to  the  entrance.  The  sur- 
roundings are  most  beautiful,  including  the  splendid  Moretti  fountain,  the 
three  other  fountains,  besides  one  in  the  main  hall.  Of  the  interior  of 
the  building  much  might  be  said  without  giving  an  adequate  idea  of  its 
beauty.  The  assembly  room,  decorated  by  the  Knoxville  women,  will  be 
the  meeting  place  of  the  many  women's  conventions  arranged  for  during 
May  and  October.  There  is  a  parlor  for  the  president,  Mrs.  Kirkman, 
elegantly  furnished  by  the  contributions  of  women  of  the  State.  There 
is  the  magnificent  main  hall,  furnished  and  decorated  by  the  Memphis 
women;  the  red-cedar  room,  decorated  by  the  Murfreesboro  women,  where 
relics  of  the  three  Presidents,  Jackson,  Polk,  and  Johnson,  will  be  seen; 
Chattanooga  room,  Georgia  room,  New  York  room,  Mount  Vernon  room, 
Colonial  bedroom,  Oriental  room,  model  kitchen,  where  demonstrations 
in  cooking  will  be  given  free  during  the  summer;  a  display  of  laces  of  the 
world,  a  vast  collection  of  the  art  works  of  women  in  every  branch  of 
decorative  and  applied  art;  a  library  of  the  books  written  by  women,  the 
room  where  the  patents  and  inventions  of  women  are  shown,  the  sales- 
room, where  articles  for  sale  are  kept,  and  a  number  of  others.  All  are 
beautifully  decorated  and  furnished.  The  halls  are  full  of  displays  from 
the  counties,  and  many  other  things  are  to  be  seen. 


i68  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


COMMERCE   BUILDING. 

Commerce  and  Agriculture  are  the  two  words  which  appear  on  the  seal 
of  the  State  of  Tennessee  and  the  two  leading  exhibit  buildings  were 
therefore  very  appropriately  named  thus.  The  commerce  building  is  the 
largest  structure  on  the  grounds,  being  591  feet  long  and  256  feet  in  width. 
It  is  likewise  the  most  striking  and  commodious  of  the  Exposition 
group.  The  interior  is  divided  into  aisles  and  a  nave,  the  former  25  feet 
and  the  latter  45  feet  high.  The  central  pavilion  is  two  stories  in  height, 
the  second  story  forming  a  gallery  on  either  side  145  by  160  feet,  overlook- 
ing the  nave,  and  is  reached  by  four  broad  stairways,  one  at  each  corner. 
The  general  style  is  based  on  the  Corinthian  and  Ionic  orders  of  the 
Graeco-Roman.  Over  the  central  pavilion  a  dome  rises  to  a  height  of  175 
feet,  and  when  the  elevators  are  running  there  will  be  a  grand  view  of  the 
surrounding  country  to  be  had  from  the  top.  Inside  the  building  is  the 
most  elaborately  decorated  of  any  of  them,  and  there  is  the  handsomest 
line  of  exhibits  ever  grouped  in  an  exposition.  These  embrace  every 
article  of  general  commerce  and  art,  and  come  from  all  the  countries  of 
the  world.  There  is  a  large  foreign  section,  and  it  is  filled  with  rare  and 
costly  displays. 

THE   PARTHENON. 

It  is  the  Parthenon,  beautiful  and  majestic,  that  beggars  description. 
The  most  callous  and  careless  observer  must  acknowledge  its  splendor, 
and  as  the  first  reproduction  of  that  famous  building  it  will  bring  many 
thousands  of  people  here  who  have  no  other  incentive  to  come.  Its  58 
fluted  columns,  its  wonderful  statuary,  and  the  absolutely  perfect  manner 
in  which  every  detail  of  drawing,  construction,  and  coloring  are  carried 
out  can  not  fail  to  interest  the  visitor  who  comes  within  sight  of  it. 
Inside  there  is  the  grandest  collection  of  pictures  ever  brought  to  the 
South,  aggregating  in  value  over  a  million  dollars.  To  describe  this 
structure  and  its  contents  intelligently  would  require  more  space  than  can 
be  given  in  a  newspaper  article.  It  stands  like  a  chapter  from  the  ancient 
times  for  the  inspection  and  wonder  of  the  civilized  world. 

PALLAS   ATHENE. 

In  front  of  the  Parthenon  stands  Miss  Enid  Yandell's  gigantic  statue  of 
Pallas  Athene,  41  feet  in  height,  including  the  pedestal,  and  modeled 
after  Fruhner's  Pallas  de  Velletri,  which  is  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  This  is 
regarded  by  critics  abroad  as  the  most  beautiful  and  most  justly  celebrated 
of  all.  It  is  the  largest  statue  ever  executed  by  a  woman. 

THE  ERECTHEON. 

The  Erectheon,  which  stood  near  the  Parthenon,  was  reproduced  for  the 
history  building,  and  is  one  of  the  really  beautiful  structures,  though  not 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  55. 


Ten  nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition .  169 

of  large  size.  It  contains  about  4,200  square  feet,  and  is  intended  to 
receive  only  the  priceless  exhibits  of  an  historical  nature.  Rooms  are  set 
apart  for  the  Tennessee  Historical  Society,  Daughters  of  the  Revolution 
and  Colonial  Dames,  Confederate  Veterans,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
and  for  miscellaneous  exhibits.  This  building  will  be  a  center  of  interest, 
for  the  articles  will  be  in  every  case  carefully  selected,  and  nothing  except 
of  a  rare  and  valuable  character  will  be  admitted. 

THE  CHILDREN'S  BUILDING. 

There  is  no  prettier  little  building  on  the  grounds  than  the  pretty  struc- 
ture erected  for  the  children  of  the  State.  The  first  suggestion  of  a  build- 
ing for  which  the  children  should  contribute  the  money  and  which  should 
be  filled  with  things  of  especial  interest  to  them  was  promptly  met  and  a 
considerable  amount  of  money  was  secured.  The  design  is  chaste  and  the 
interior  arrangement  adapted  well  for  the  purposes  had  in  view.  The 
school  exhibits  of  the  State  from  schools  below  the  grade  of  a  college  will 
be  seen  in  this  building.  There  is  a  collection,  also,  of  the  curios  sent  for 
the  purpose  by  United  States  consuls  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  During 
the  Exposition  there  will  be  entertainments  by  various  schools  of  the 
State  in  the  children's  building,  and  the  first  Wednesday  in  every  month 
will  be  children's  day. 

TRANSPORTATION  BUILDING. 

The  excessive  poetic  simplicity  of  the  transportation  building  is  remark- 
able. There  are  no  columns;  but  the  artistic  grouping  of  the  masses  and 
proportioning  has  given  a  very  pleasing  effect.  The  structure  is  400  feet 
long  and  120  feet  wide,  and  stands  "near  the  western  border  of  Lake 
Watauga.  Immediately  in  front  of  this  is  L/ily  Lake.  The  sculpture  and 
relief  work  illustrate  the  development  of  the  art  of  carrying  from  the  old 
creaking  cart  to  the  lightning  express  and  even  the  flying  machine  of  the 
future.  The  exhibits  show  what  has  been  done  recently  in  the  improve- 
ment of  transportation  facilities  and  what  was  done  in  the  initial  stages  of 
the  railroad  era.  The  De  Witt  Clinton  train,  the  first,  will  stand  side  by 
side  with  the  modern  locomotive  and  its  train  of  elegant  vestibule  cars. 
Vehicles  of  every  variety  will  be  shown  in  their  most  splendid  finish. 

AGRICULTURAL   BUILDING. 

The  products  of  the  soil  of  Tennessee  will  be  exhibited  in  the  agricul- 
ture building,  by  many  considered  the  gem  of  the  entire  Exposition  group. 
The  Renaissance  style  of  architecture  has  been  used,  and  the  dimensions 
are  525  feet  by  200  feet.  The  central  dome  rises  100  feet,  while  six  minor 
domes  lend  a  charm  to  the  whole  which  can  not  be  described.  Four 
entrances  lead  under  arches  with  statuary.  The  classic  lines  and  beautiful 
proportions  can  be  seen  from  almost  every  part  of  the  grounds  to  advan- 
tage, and  at  night  the  building  is  particularly  adapted  for  an  electrical 


1 7  o  Ten  n  essee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exposition . 

display.  The  interior  decorations  of  this  building  have  been  pronounced 
superior  to  anything  ever  seen  before  in  the  history  of  expositions, 
surpassing,  according  to  Chicago  people  themselves,  the  best  seen  at 
the  World's  Fair.  Within  will  be  the  vast  and  varied  productions  of 
Tennessee;  and  agricultural  implements,  still  and  in  motion,  from  nearly 
every  first-class  factory  of  the  country.  The  decorations  made  from  field 
products  are  especially  fine,  and  each  of  the  small  domes  is  decorated  \viih 
a  single  product — one  in  corn,  one  in  tobacco,  one  in  cotton,  and  one  in 
grain. 

MACHINERY   BUILDING. 

In  the  machinery  building  utility  and  beauty  are  united,  satisfying  the 
artistic  tastes  and  practical  demands  at  the  same  time.  The  building  is 
375  tw  T3^  feet,  and  in  outline  and  detail  it  satisfies  the  most  fastidious 
tastes  in  architectural  art.  There  is  no  steam  admitted,  that  being  sup- 
plied from  the  power  house,  some  distance  away.  This  will  keep  the 
building  pleasant  on  warm  days,  and  enable  visitors  to  see  it  without  dis- 
comfort. The  various  machines  in  operation  in  this  building  will  manu- 
facture a  number  of  things  of  interest,  and  one  of  these  working  exhibits 
will  be  a  ribbon- weaving  loom.  The  great  engines  moving  noiselessly 
will  be  no  small  part  of  the  interest,  as  there  are  some  of  the  finest  here 
that  were  ever  made. 

NEGRO    BUILDING. 

The  negro  building,  which  many  think  the  most  beautiful  on  the  ground, 
not  only  in  situation,  but  in  design,  is  one  of  the  finest  evidences  that 
could  be  given  of  the  feelings  of  the  white  men  of  the  South  for  their  for- 
mer slaves.  The  negroes  of  Tennessee  have  the  opportunity  of  their  lives 
to  make  this  display  educational  in  the  highest  sense,  and  this  they  are 
doing  every  day.  The  building  was  not  completed  in  time  for  the  entire 
exhibits  to  be  arranged,  but  since  it  was  turned  over  the  negro  department 
has  done  great  work  in  getting  it  stocked  with  the  many  fine  exhibits 
which  they  had  gathered  from  every  part  of  the  State  and  the  South.  The 
view  of  the  building  across  the  fair  Lake  Watauga  is  no  more  beautiful 
than  the  displays  within,  for  the  outside  of  the  structure  can  not  tell  the 
story  that  is  told  by  the  interior.  That  story  is  the  story  of  the  negro  race 
from  the  days  of  slavery  to  the  present — the  story  of  achievement  under 
obstacles  often  seemingly  impossible  to  overcome.  The  school  exhibits 
and  the  exhibits  showing  the  life  of  some  of  the  graduates  after  their 
school  days  closed  and  real  life  began  are  of  notable  interest. 

HYGIENE   AND    EDUCATION. 

The  hygiene  and  educational  building  was  really  an  outgrowth  of  the 
increasing  size  of  the  Exposition.  The  space  assigned  these  two  depart- 
ments was  so  soon  filled  that  the  need  of  greater  accommodation  early 
made  itself  felt.  The  final  result  was  the  erection  of  this  structure,  and 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  56. 


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Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  171 

not  only  has  the  space  been  taken  tip,  but  the  gallery  of  the  commerce 
building  has  been  taken  as  an  annex  to  the  educational  department.  The 
building  is  in  the  Renaissance  style,  and  is  144  feet  square.  A  peculiarity 
is  that  the  four  sides  are  identical  in  finish,  and  the  only  difference  to  be 
noted  is  that  on  the  south  side  there  will  be  two  groups  of  statuary,  repre- 
senting oratory  and  philosophy.  Inside  the  educational  department  will 
be  seen  the  finest  and  most  complete  collection  of  school  work  ever  shown 
at  an  exposition  anywhere.  This  will  include  all  work  done  by  schools 
of  and  above  the  grade  of  colleges.  The  lower  schools  will  place  their 
work  in  the  children's  building.  In  the  hygiene  department  will  be 
grouped  one  of  the  most  unique,  attractive,  and  instructive  exhibits  ever 
placed  before  the  American  public.  Everything  pertaining  to  the  science 
of  health  will  be  exhibited,  and  it  will  all  be  of  interest  to  intelligent 
people. 

ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING. 

The  building  used  for  the  administration  building  will  be  abandoned  in 
a  few  days  and  will  then  be  used  for  a  restaurant  and  clubhouse.  The 
administration  building  will  be  the  pretty  little  cottage  built  about  a  year 
ago  by  Mr.  Edward  Adamson,  and  here  the  offices  of  Exposition  officials 
will  be  kept  till  the  Exposition  closes. 

RAILWAY   EXHIBIT   BUILDING. 

The  railway  exhibit  building,  erected  by  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and 
St.  Ivouis  Railway,  is  a  beautiful  structure  at  the  north  west  part  of  the 
grounds,  and  exactly  100  feet  square.  It  will  contain  the  terminal  station 
and  exhibits  also.  The  passengers  who  come  by  the  railway,  either  from 
the  city  or  from  other  places,  will  be  landed  here  in  one  of  the  most  com- 
plete exhibit  buildings  erected  on  the  grounds.  In  it  are  displays;  among 
other  things,  a  sample  of  everything  that  has  been  grown  profitably  in 
Tennessee.  The  timbers,  the  ores,  the  products  of  the  State,  are  all  given 
space,  and  form  the  most  complete  showing  that  has  ever  been  made  of 
the  things  which  the  State  grows.  The  immense  log  shown  is  an  example 
of  what  is  done  down  this  way  in  wood. 

EMERGENCY   HOSPITAL. 

The  emergency  hospital,  back  of  the  clubhouse,  will  be  a  very  useful 
place,  even  if  it  be  never  needed.  The  occurrence  of  a  single  case  *  quir- 
ing attention  would  be  a  very  serious  matter  if  no  sv.  \  place  were  pro- 
vided. As  it  is,  everything  has  been  arranged  for  prompt  atte  *tion  in  any 
case  of  accident  tnat  may  be  reported. 

MEXICO   BUILDING. 

The  Mexico  building  is  a  long,  low  structure  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
.Ads,  and  will  be  occupied  by  Mexico,  New  Mexico,  and  Chile,  as  well 


172  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition, 

as  by  any  other  of  the  South  or  Central  American  Republics.  The  exhibit 
made  by  Mexico  is  far  better  than  that  made  at  the  World's  Fair,  and 
contains  a  great  many  more  relics.  These  are  of  the  greatest  interest,  as 
many  of  them  are  from  the  Government  Museum  and  have  not  been 
exhibited  before. 

THE   POWER   HOUSE. 

The  power  house  shows  the  finest  boiler  plant  ever  set  up  in  the  South, 
and  will  supply  steam  to  all  parts  of  the  grounds,  as  well  as  furnish  the 
great  electric-light  system.  It  is  a  place  full  of  interest  to  those  who 
desire  to  study  the  finest  plant  of  the  sort  in  the  country  at  actual  work. 

PYRAMID    OF   CHEOPS. 

Near  the  Parthenon,  on  the  north  side,  is  a  gaudy  colored  building  of 
curious  construction  which  never  fails  to  attract  attention.  It  is  the 
reproduction  of  the  pyramid  of  Cheops  at  ancient  Memphis  in  Egypt. 
Memphis,  which  is  in  Shelby  County,  built  it  for  the  county  building, 
and  it  is  not  only  the  headquarters  of  the  visitors  from  Shelby,  but  it 
contains  the  exhibits  from  that  county. 

RED  MEN'S  WIGWAM. 

The  gaudy  tepee  of  the-  Red  Men  is  a  structure  that  must  be  seen.  Its 
attractiveness  is  such  that  you  can  not  miss  it.  The  little  wigwams  at 
the  six  sides  of  the  large  central  one  are  for  the  various  tribes  found  in 
Nashville,  and  each  is  painted  writh  the  appropriate  colors.  On  St.  Tam- 
many's Day  there  will  be  a  great  celebration  and  a  sham  battle  after  the 
dedication  of  the  wigwam. 

THE   RIAI/TO. 

The  Rialto,  built  from  the  original  in  Venice,  is  an  attraction  that  will 
be  doubly  attractive  when  the  score  of  bazars  are  open  for  business  and 
the  colored  lights  are  turned  on  at  night. 

THE  FLAG  POLE. 

The  flag  pole  is  the  cause  of  more  questions  than  anything  else  on  the 
grounds,  because  it  is  invariably  asked:  "How  tall  is  it?"  It  is  285  feet, 
and  the  pole  itself  represents  Tennessee.  There  are  fifteen  columns  around 
the  pavilion  at  the  base,  each  of  a  different  Tennessee  wood.  These  repre- 
sent the  fifteen  States  that  preceded  Tennessee  into  the  Union.  The  six- 
teenth, the  flag  pole,  is  Tennessee. 

THE   PYTHIAN   BUILDING. 

The  Knights  of  Pythias  have  one  of  the  prettiest  headquarters  ever  built 
at  any  exposition.  In  it  there  will  be  reading  rooms,  resting  rooms,  and 
all  the  comforts  of  a  home,  to  be  enjoyed  by  members  of  this  order  and 
their  families  who  come  to  the  Exposition. 


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PLATE  57. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  173 


THE    PALACE   CAR. 

The  Seaboard  Air  Line  Palace  Car  is  one  thing  which  is  there  for  a  pur- 
pose. It  is  the  headquarters  of  all  the  towns  and  cities  on  the  line  of  that 
road,  and  in  it  about  every  ten  days  some  one  of  the  cities  will  be  the  host 
and  give  a  banquet  which  will  be  attended  by  citizens  of  that  place  and  by 
invited  guests. 

THE   JUNIOR   ORDER    BUILDING. 

The  Junior  Order  of  United  American  Mechanics  have  a  pretty  building 
to  the  south  of  the  wigwam,  and  will  have  everything  there  for  the  com- 
fort and  entertainment  of  their  members. 

The  Cotton  Belt  Line  has  a  neat  pavilion  near  the  Transportation  Build- 
ing for  their  exhibits. 

The  photograph  gallery  is  both  attractive  and  beautiful,  and  worth  a  visit 
from  anyone  who  wants  a  good  picture. 

KNOXVILLE   BUILDING. 

Capitol  avenue  is  a  thoroughfare  which  has  been  laid  out  but  a  short 
time,  but  six  very  handsome  structures  are  either  up  or  nearing  comple- 
tion. The  largest  of  these  is  the  Knoxville  Building,  in  which  that  pros- 
perous city  will  have  headquarters  and  which  will  be  filled  with  Knoxville 
exhibits.  It  is  nearly  complete  and  will  be  a  most  interesting  place  to 
visit. 

ILLINOIS    BUILDING. 

At  the  far  end  of  the  avenue  is  the  fair  white  Illinois  Building,  the  repro- 
duction of  the  Administration  Building  at  the  World's  Fair,  where  the 
great  State  of  Illinois  and  the  great  city  of  Chicago  will  do  the  honors 
during  the  Exposition.  The  48  statues  which  ornament  this  building  are 
like  those  on  the  Administration  Building  at  Chicago,  and  cost  over  $1,000 
each  to  model.  The  same  models  were  used  for  these. 

CINCINNATI    BUILDING. 

Directly  opposite  Knoxville  Building  is  the  Cincinnati  Building,  the 
first  to  be  commenced  on  the  avenue,  and  it  is  now  about  ready  for  dedi- 
cation. The  people  of  Cincinnati  have  from  the  first  taken  an  interest  in 
this  Exposition,  and  as  soon  as  they  became  satisfied  that  the  Exposition 
was  going  to  be  a  success  they  went  to  work  and  raised  the  money  for  this 
building. 

NEW    YORK    BUILDING. 

New  York  State  is  about  finishing  up  a  building  that  will  be  very 
delightful  to  all  visitors.  It  is  commodious  and  well  planned,  and  the 
interior  decorations  are  in  keeping  with  the  character  of  the  structure. 
The  building  cost  a  large  amount  and  will  be  the  center  of  many  pleasant 
times  before  the  Exposition  closes. 


174  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


K   BUILDING. 

Louisville  is  erecting  a  building  the  design  for  which  shows  the  beauty 
of  the  idea  carried  out,  and  here  will  be  another  place  where  social  pleas- 
ure will  abound.  The  building  will  be  the  rallying  place  for  all  Louisville 
people  and  for  Kentuckians  as  well,  and  the  close  relations  between  the 
States  will  be  closer  than  ever  before  the  show  is  over. 

THE   PRESS   BUILDING. 

The  press  of  the  country  has  been  kind  to  the  Exposition,  and  the  man- 
agement has  remembered  them  by  erecting  for  tke  newspaper  men  a  com- 
modious and  convenient  place  where  they  may  work  or  rest.  The  building 
is  of  the  prettiest  design  and  is  now  about  finished. 


APPENDIX   K. 

PRELIMINARY    REPORT   OF  JURY   OF   AWARDS,    TENNESSEE 
CENTENNIAL  EXPOSITION,  1897. 

TWIN  OAKS, 

West  Washington,  D.  C.,  December \  {897. 
To  the  Director  of  Affairs  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition: 

I  have  been  requested  to  prepare  a  report  of  my  work  as  commissioner 
of  awards  for  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition,  held  in  Nashville  from 
May  i  to  October  30,  1897. 

First  I  desire  to  thank  the  executive  officers  for  the  uniform  courtesy 
extended  to  me,  and  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  constant  and  most 
valuable  aid  given  to  me  by  Dr.  William  L.  Dudley,  director  of  affairs,  and 
Mr.  E.  F.  Blodgett,  superintendent  of  installation.  Without  their  assist- 
ance and  their  skillful  and  orderly  arrangement  of  the  exhibits,  the  work 
of  the  commissioner  and  jury  would  have  been  greatly  increased  and  its 
value  lessened.  To  the  secretary,  Dr.  David  T.  Day,  and  to  his  valuable 
counsel,  is  due  much  of  whatever  success  I  may  have  attained.  It  was 
his  suggestion  that  every  exhibitor  making  application  for  an  award 
should  give  a  full  description  of  his  exhibit  and  the  reasons  for  asking  an 
award.  These  applications  were  forwarded  to  me  and  divided  into  thir- 
teen departments;  they  were  then  numbered,  each  assigned  to  the  depart- 
ment to  which  it  belonged,  and  returned  to  the  Exposition  authorities,  by 
whom  the  exhibits  were  arranged  and  labeled. 

At  my  suggestion  the  superintendent  of  installation  prepared  plans  for 
the  buildings,  giving  the  locality  of  each  exhibit,  and  furnished  guides  to 
point  it  out.  In  some  expositions  much  time  has  been  wasted  in  looking 
for  exhibits,  but  so  complete  was  the  system  of  installation  that  it  was 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


PLATE  58. 


Ten nessee  Cen ten  n  ial  Exposition .  175 

frequently  remarked  that  no  one  asked  a  second  time  for  the  location  of 
an  exhibit. 

The  jury. — In  selecting  the  jury  my  desire  was  to  obtain  as  chairmen 
gentlemen  of  good  administrative  ability  and  general  knowledge  of  the 
exhibits  in  their  department,  and  associated  with  them  gentlemen  and 
ladies  who  would  carefully  examine  and  could  properly  estimate  the  value 
of  those  exhibits. 

In  the  jury  of  manufactures  and  commerce  the  chairman  was  a  gentle- 
man connected  with  one  of  the  largest  mercantile  firms  in  New  York,  of 
great  executive  ability,  and  with  more  or  less  knowledge  of  every  article 
in  his  department.  One  of  the  jury  was  a  gentleman  well  fitted  to  pass 
judgment  upon  the  gold  and  silver  exhibits,  another  was  well  acquainted 
with  chemicals,  another  with  textiles,  another  with  the  manufacture  of 
boots  and  shoes,  while  still  another  was  buyer  for  one  of  the  largest  com- 
panies in  the  country;  two  were  general  merchants  well  acquainted  with 
the  buying  and  selling  value  of  most  of  the  articles  in  their  department. 

The  chairmen  of  the  different  juries  together  formed  a  court  of  highest 
awards,  to  whom  any  question  could  be  referred. 

Members  of  the  Jury  of  Awards. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Joseph  E.  Washington,  Cedar  Hill,  Tenn.,  chairman. 

Joseph  Wheeler,  M.  C.,  Wheeler,  Ala. 

Charles  F.  Marvin,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

AGRICULTURE   AND    GROUNDS. 

Ernest  Flagg,  architect,  New  York,  chairman. 

F.  J.  V.  Skiff,  director,  Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago,  111. 

Edgar  Seeler,  professor  of  architecture,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

COMMERCE   AND    MANUFACTURES. 

M.  H.  Chase,  New  York  (R.  H.  Macy  &  Co.),  chairman. 

C.  A.  Collier,  director-general  of  the  Atlanta  Exposition,  1895,  Atlanta. 

William  C.  Covering,  M.  C.,  Whittenton  Manufacturing  Company, 
Taunton,  Mass. 

Orville  T.  Waring,  New  York,  general  merchandise. 

George  F.  Kunz,  New  York  (Tiffany  &  Co. ),  gold  and  silver  ware. 

Ludwig  Nissen,  former  president  New  York  Jewelers'  Association,  New 
York. 

T.  W.  Childs,  Toledo,  Ohio,  boots,  shoes,  and  leather  goods. 

F.  W.  Clarke,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C.,  chemistry. 

Charles  R.  Dodge,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C., 
textiles. 

J.  S.  Menken,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  general  merchandise. 

Marcus  Benjamin,  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 


176  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition, 


DECORATIVE   ARTS. 


Dunham  Wheeler,  New  York,  chairman. 
Mrs.  Stephen  B.  Blkins,  Elkins,  W.  Va. 
Mrs.  Joseph  Washington,  Cedar  Hill,  Tenn. 
L.  F.  Roos,  of  Knoedler  &  Co. ,  New  York. 

EDUCATION. 

B.  L.  Whitman,  president  of  Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
W.  B.  Powell,  superintendent  of  schools,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Mrs.  Ellen  H.  Richards,  professor,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
Boston. 

HISTORY   AND    LITERATURE. 

Mrs.  Porter  King,  Atlanta,  Ga. ,  chairman. 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  Washington,  D.  C. 

HORTICULTURE. 

P:  J.  Berckmans,  president  American  Pomological  Society,  Augusta,  Ga., 
chairman. 

J.  H.  Small,  jr.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

William  Falconer,  department  of  public  works,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

HYGIENE. 

George  M.  Sternberg,  Surgeon-General  United  States  Army,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  chairman. 
William  Bailey,  Louisville,  Ky. 

E.  A.  de  Schweinitz,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

MACHINERY   AND    ELECTRICITY. 

John  A.  Brashear,  Allegheny,  Pa.,  chairman. 
Brown  Ayers,  Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. 
B.  B.  Allen,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

John  Daniel,  Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Ambrose  Swasey,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

MINING,   GEOLOGY,    MINERALS,   AND   FORESTRY. 

Charles  \V.  Dabney,  jr.,  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  chairman. 

F.  H.  Newell,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Eugene  A.  Smith,  State  geologist,  University,  Ala. 

William  B.  Phillips,  mining  engineer,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
John  W.  Noble,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  177 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Martin  A.  Knapp,  Interstate  Commerce  Commissioner,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  chairman. 

\V.  E.  McClintock,  Massachusetts  State  highway  commission,  Boston „ 

Mass. 

WOMAN'S  WORK. 

Miss  Aileen  Bell,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Miss  Jenny  M.  Higbee,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

System  of  awards. — A  circular  was  issued  to  the  jury,  instructing  them 
that  in  their  investigations,  not  only  should  the  intrinsic  value  of  the 
exhibit  be  considered,  but  also  the-  novelty,  usefulness,  and  beauty  of 
design  and  workmanship  or  material.  The  awards  were  of  three  degrees, 
and  a  diploma  given  with  each  award.  A  diploma  of  honorable  mention 
entitled  the  recipient  to  a  bronze  medal;  a  diploma  of  excellence  to  a 
silver  medal;  a  diploma  of  honor,  the  highest  award,  to  a  gold  medal. 
Diplomas  entitling  to  bronze  and  silver  medals  were  given  by  the  jurors, 
but  those  entitling  to  gold  medals  were  recommended  by  the  jury  and 
referred  to  the  court  of  highest  awards  for  confirmation.  Afterwards  it 
was  recognized  that  many  exhibits,  while  not  worthy  of  a  medal,  as 
judged  by  our  standard,  nevertheless  possessed  sufficient  merit  to  entitle 
them  to  some  recognition,  and  a  certificate  of  merit  was  awarded  to  such 
exhibits,  there  being  174  awards  of  this  character.  Diplomas  were  also- 
given  for  collective  exhibits  and  for  personal  services  in  the  preparation 
of  exhibits. 

Methods  of  work. — The  commissioner  and  secretary  met  the  chairman 
of  the  several  juries  on  October  4,  two  days  previous  to  the  assembling  of 
the  other  jurors.  The  duties  of  the  jury  and  the  principles  adopted  for 
examining  and  making  awards  in  the  different  departments  to  which  they 
had  been  assigned  were  fully  discussed.  A  large  room  on  the  Exposition 
grounds  was  assigned  to  the  juries,  where  daily  meetings  for  instruction 
and  conference  were  held.  The  jurors  examined  each  exhibit  and  made 
their  reports  to  the  chairmen.  Awards  were  given  on  conference  with 
the  whole  committee.  Sometimes  an  exhibit  was  examined  by  one  jury 
and  certain  features  referred  to  another  jury  of  a  different  department; 
the  final  award  was  made  as  the  verdict  of  both  juries. 

In  many  cases  the  reasons  for  giving  or  withholding  an  award  were 
given.  This,  I  believe,  has  never  been  done  at  former  expositions,  but  it 
was  found  to  be  of  great  value  to  exhibitors  in  pointing  out  excellencies 
and  defects  and  stimulating  to  better  work. 

Another  thing  which  added  to  the  value  of  the  awards,  and  which  was 
new  in  the  history  of  expositions,  was  the  promptness  with  which  they 
were  given,  thus  calling  attention  during  the  progress  of  the  Exposition  to 
the  exhibits  which  had  received  merited  recognition. 

H.  Doc.  515 12 


178  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

It  seemed  to  me  wise  that  the  number  of  awards  should  not  exceed  50 
per  cent  of  the  exhibits.  Of  these,  10  per  cent  should  be  certificates  of  merit ; 
25  per  cent,  diplomas  of  honorable  mention,  entitling  the  recipient  to  a 
bronze  medal;  10  per  cent,  diplomas  of  excellence,  entitling  to  a  silver 
medal;  and  5  per  cent,  the  highest  award,  entitling  to  a  gold  medal. 

It  was  impossible  to  prescribe  any  fixed  rule  of  awards  for  all  departments. 
For  instance,  in  fine  arts,  history,  and  literature,  where  the  exhibit  is  the 
work  of  the  individual  artist  or  scholar;  in  education,  where  the  teacher 
gives  his  best  endeavors  for  the  instruction  of  his  pupils,  there  is  an  indi- 
viduality which  does  not  exist  in  most  of  the  other  exhibits.  These  exhibits 
received  recognition  and  awards  from  jurors  of  acknowledged  reputation  in 
the  several  departments. 

There  was  a  considerable  difference  of  opinion  among  the  jurors  as  to  the 
requirements  which  should  entitle  the  exhibitor  to  a  gold  medal,  and  much 
discussion  was  the  result.  Several  gentlemen ,  in  accordance  with  the  action 
at  former  expositions,  wished  to  give  gold  medals  in  every  case  of  superior 
excellence,  without  regard  to  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  exhibit;  for  beer  a 
little  better  brewed,  or  canned  goods  put  up  in  a  superior  manner,  a  gold 
medal  was  proposed;  while  other  members  of  the  jury,  and  among  them  the 
commissioner  of  awards,  considered  such  superiority  sufficiently  rewarded 
by  a  silver  medal;  holding  that  a  gold  medal  should  be  given  only  for  some 
new  invention  or  some  decided  and  valuable  improvement  in  articles  of 
intrinsic  merit.  Had  this  rule  been  adopted,  few,  if  any,  gold  medals  would 
have  been  awarded  in  the  departments  of  commerce  and  manufactures.  It 
was  also  decided  that  a  gold  medal  should  not  be  given  for  an  invention 
unless  thoroughly  and  mechanically  finished  and  in  every  way  complete. 
A  new  and  valuable  invention  for  compressing  cotton  would  have  received 
a  gold  medal  had  the  mechanism  of  the  compressor  been  up  to  the  standard 
demanded  for  the  work  required  of  it.  In  thus  raising  the  standard  of  the 
gold  medal  we  believe  we  have  raised  its  value  to  exhibitors,  and  thus 
increased  its  importance  in  future  expositions. 

These  awards  have  in  a  few  cases  been  criticised  by  recipients.  Letters 
have  been  addressed  to  me  by  exhibitors.  These  were  forwarded  to  the 
chairmen  of  the  several  juries  for  their  consideration.  A  meeting  of  the 
jury  of  highest  awards  was  called,  at  which  these  letters  were  considered 
and  final  action  taken. 

Suggestions  for  future  work. — In  addition  to  the  report  submitted,  I 
would  like  to  add  my  impressions  of  the  Nashville  Exposition  and  to  offer 
some  suggestions,  the  result  of  my  observations  and  experiences,  which  I 
think  may  be  of  value  to  others. 

Tennessee  has  reason  to  be  proud  of  her  Centennial  Exposition.  Her 
people  entered  into  the  work  with  patriotism,  energy,  and  ability.  They 
gave  to  it  liberally  of  their  time  and  thought  and  money,  recognizing  that 
it  would  bring  into  recognition  their  present  prosperity  and  the  future 
promise  of  their  State.  A  large  debt  was  incurred,  but  was  defrayed  at 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  179 

the  close  by  the  gate  receipts.  People  from  the  surrounding  country, 
from  neighboring  and  more  distant  States  attended,  and  carried  back  not 
only  pleasant  remembrances  of  the  people  and  country,  but  of  profit  from 
the  many  object  lessons  gathered  there.  I  concur  fully  in  the  opinion  of 
one  of  our  jurors,  that  the  Tennessee  Centennial  was  as  great  a  work  and 
as  valuable  to  Nashville  and  Tennessee  as  the  Columbian  Exposition  at 
Chicago  was  to  the  whole  country. 

The  grounds  were  carefully  laid  out  and  faithfully  cared  for;  the  build- 
ings well  placed  and  planned.  The  buildings  and  the  laying  out  of  the 
grounds  are  the  first  objects  that  attract  the  attention  of  visitors.  Who 
that  visited  the  Columbian  Exposition  will  not  recall  the  great  white  city 
with  its  many  beautiful  buildings — a  fairy  scene  which  can  never  fade  from 
memory — and  who  that  saw  at  Nashville  the  reproduction  of  the  most 
beautiful  building  of  the  ages,  the  Parthenon,  outlined  against  the  blue 
sky,  but  will  remember  it  as  a  thing  of  beauty,  a  joy  forever? 

The  Government  buildings  and  exhibits  were  next  in  interest.  These 
exhibits  are  of  the  greatest  educational  value  and  interest  to  the  people, 
and  are  given  alike  to  State  and  international  expositions.  They  were  not 
as  large  as  at  Atlanta,  but  of  more  value  because  more  carefully  selected. 

The  exhibits  in  arts,  education,  and  history  were  very  creditable  and 
interesting,  while  those  of  machinery,  electricity,  etc.,  deserved  honorable 
mention. 

The  foreign  exhibits  in  the  buildings  of  commerce  and  manufactures 
were  very  good,  but  comparatively  few  of  our  home  manufactures  and 
industries  were  exhibited.  There  were  no  exhibits  of  our  largest  business 
firms,  representing  our  best  work  in  machinery,  nor  in  glass,  pottery, 
silver  wares,  silk  manufacturing  and  lace  making,  book  publishing,  or  the 
manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes.  Even  Southern  cotton  factories  were  not 
well  represented.  Answers  from  two  large  firms  to  my  letter  of  inquiry 
explain  the  reasons  why  they  sent  no  exhibits. 

The  Rock  wood  Pottery  writes:  "The  value  of  an  international  exposi- 
tion to  us  is  a  large  volume  of  sales,  an  extensive  advertisement,  and  an 
award  which  carries  real  distinction.  The  bad  system  of  awards  at 
Chicago  made  them  of  no  value  whatever,  but  in  the  other  two  points  it 
was  of  the  utmost  service." 

One  of  the  largest  manufacturers  of  britannia  wares  writes:  "The  value 
to  us  as  manufacturers  consists  mainly  in  the  attention  drawn  to  our  goods 
and  the  advertisement  we  receive  thereby.  The  awards  by  judges  in 
recent  expositions  have,  in  our  opinion,  been  of  very  little  value  for  the 
simple  reason  that  every  exhibitor  seems,  in  the  opinion  of  the  judges,  to 
be  entitled  to  some  award,  and  the  fact  that  an  exhibitor  has  received  an 
award,  we  think,  creates  little  impression  with  the  average  person." 

These  letters,  and  others  of  the  same  character,  have  confirmed  us  in 
our  opinion  that  the  raising  of  the  standard  of  awards  by  our  jurors  was 
wise,  and  will,  if  followed,  prove  valuable  in  future  expositions. 


i8o  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

Among  the  exhibits  in  the  commerce  building  was  one  of  very  rare  and 
costly  furs.  In  a  State  exposition  such  an  exhibit  could  scarcely  find  a 
suitable  place.  The  directors  of  a  State  exposition  do  not  sufficiently 
realize  the  difference  between  an  international  and  State  exposition.  A 
State  exposition  is  largely  local;  it  numbers  its  thousands  instead  of 
millions,  and  its  visitors  are  chiefly  from  neighboring  States.  Russian 
sables  and  Tiffany's  diamonds  would  naturally  find  a  larger  sale  in  Chi- 
cago than  in  Nashville;  while  machinery  for  developing  Southern  indus- 
tries, and  materials  adapted  to  southern  climate,  and  articles  of  beauty  and 
art  within  the  limits  of  less  extravagant  desires  might  attract  purchasers 
and  bring  good  returns  to  exhibitors. 

It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  in  future  State  expositions  it  would  be 
wise  as  far  as  possible  to  make  a  selection  of  exhibits  which  would  be  of 
value  and  interest  to  the  people  of  the  section  of  the  country  in  which  the 
exposition  is  held,  and  to  those  at  a  distance  who  are  interested  in  the 
products  of  the  neighborhood. 

Another  exhibit  which  might  be  so  increased  as  to  be  of  exceeding 
value  and  interest  is  a  loan  collection  embracing  objects  of  art,  foreign 
and  home,  ancient  and  modern.  To  such  a  collection  ample  and  suitable 
space  should  be  offered  and  such  encouragement  given  to  contributors  as 
would  secure  objects  of  real  importance  and  value.  Such  objects  should, 
however,  be  under  the  direction  of  a  jury,  with  authority  to  select  and 
reject  according  to  their  judgment.  Such  a  jury  should  have  the  same 
authority  over  all  the  exhibits,  thereby  eliminating  much  that  is  unworthy 
and  raising  the  whole  standard  of  the  exposition.  To  such  an  art  collec- 
tion should  be  added  educational,  historical,  and  literary  exhibits,  offering 
similar  encouragement  and  placed  under  similar  control. 

At  Nashville  many  poor  exhibits  were  admitted  at  an  early  date,  thereby 
excluding  better  exhibits  which  were  offered  at  a  later  period. 

There  are  two  classes  of  exhibitors — one  (the  larger  firms)  representing 
our  most  important  manufactures  and  industries.  These  exhibits  involve 
a  large  outlay  of  money  and  much  valuable  time  in  the  preparation  and 
exhibition.  To  an  international  exposition  they  gladly  send  their  prod- 
ucts, expecting  a  large  return  for  their  expenditure  from  increased  fame 
and  large  sales.  A  State  exposition  can  not  hold  out  such  prospects. 
The  directors  of  the  exposition  must  feel  the  importance  of  such  exhibits, 
making  such  concessions  and  offering  such  inducements  as  will  secure 
the  best  possible  exhibition.  In  addition  to  reduction  of  rates  for  space, 
the  directors  might  undertake  to  supply  capable  and  efficient  agents 
(employees)  to  take  charge  of  exhibits,  make  sales,  and  take  orders. 

Another  class  of  exhibits,  such  as  come  under  the  heads  of  art,  education, 
history,  and  literature,  involve  but  little  expense  either  to  exhibitors  or 
to  the  exposition;  they  are  therefore  very  freely  offered.  These  may  be, 
under  proper  direction,  of  great  interest  and  value. 

The  Government  buildings  should  be  given  a  prominent  place  in  every 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


181 


exposition.  Nowhere  else  can  the  people  learn  so  much  of  the  vast 
resources  of  our  country  and  of  what  our  Government  is  doing  in  develop- 
ing them,  as  well  as  in  protecting  and  aiding  the  people  in  every  depart^- 
ment  of  their  activity. 

A  point  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  success  of  an  exposition  is  in 
securing  the  confidence  of  exhibitors  in  the  awards,  as  to  this  they  look 
for  their  best  advertisement. 

To  do  this  a  commissioner  of  awards  should  be  appointed  and  jurors 
selected  whose  character,  knowledge,  and  ability  are  an  assurance  of  up- 
right, careful,  intelligent,  and  just  distribution  of  awards.  Such  appoint- 
ments made  in  the  early  planning  of  the  exposition  will  have  a  marked 
influence  in  the  character  and  number  of  the  exhibits. 


I  am,  with  great  respect,  yours, 


GARDINER  G.  HUBBARD, 
Commissioner  of  Awards. 


Awards  authorized  by  jury. 


Gold. 

Silver. 

Bronze. 

Certifi- 
cate 
of 
merit. 

Total. 

Agriculture  

5 

6 

28 

'  <i6! 

Children's  

Commerce  and  manufactures  

20 

IOO 

118 

26 

29 
264 

Decorative  arts  

8-j 

Education 

History  and  literature  
Horticulture 

4 

9 

13 

14 

40 

Hygiene 

Machinerj'  and  electricity 

Mining,  geologv,  and  minerals  

3 

6 

?6 

IO 

Forestry  

5 

10 

28 

Transportation  ... 

g 

<8 

cA 

Total  

.45 

204 

34i 

174 

764 

Total  number  of  exhibits  examined i,  945 

Total  number  of  awards 764 

Certificates  of  grateful  recognition g 

Certificate  of  honorable  recognition i 


1 82  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

APPENDIX  L. 

CENTENNIAL  CITY  ORDINANCES. 

The  grounds  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  were  incorporated 
by  act  of  the  State  legislature  as  Centennial  City,  under  a  limited  charter 
which  expired  January  i,  1898,  and  the  following  ordinances  were  enacted 
by  the  city  board,  composed  of  the  mayor  and  aldermen: 

CHAPTER  i. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Board  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the  Centennial 
City,  That  the  acts  hereinafter  set  out  shall  be  declared  misdemeanors  and 
punished  as  such: 

SECTION  i.  Whoever  shall,  within  the  limits  of  the  Centennial  City,  set 
up  or  keep  any  gambling  table  or  house,  or  gambling  device,  at  which  any 
game  of  chance  shall  be  played  for  money  or  property,  or  anything  repre- 
senting money  or  property,  or  at  any  such  table  or  device,  or  any  game  of 
chance,  bet,  win,  or  lose  money  or  property,  either  in  specie  or  by  means 
of  anything  representing  the  same,  or  shall  suffer  such  table  or  device,  at 
which  any  game  of  chance  is  played,  to  be  set  up  or  used  in  any  tenement 
house  or  building  in  his  or  their  possession  or  control,  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor. 

SEC.  2.  Every  person  found  carrying  a  pistol,  bowie  knife,  dirk  knife, 
sling  shot,  brass  knucks,  or  other  deadly  weapon,  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  upon  conviction  of  such  first  offense,  shall  be  fined 
not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
recorder;  but  upon  conviction  of  every  subsequent  offense  shall  be  fined 
not  less  than  fifty  dollars;  but  no  ordinary  pocket  knife  nor  walking  cane 
shall  be  construed  to  be  deadly  weapon  as  herein  contemplated. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Centennial  guard  who  sees  any  person 
or  persons  with,  or  knows  of  any  person  carrying,  such  deadly  weapon  or 
weapons,  to  immediately  arrest  every  such  person,  to  the  end  that  they 
may  be  dealt  with  for  the  violation  of  said  ordinance. 

SEC.  4.  It  is  expressly  understood  that  the  provisions  of  the  above  sec- 
tions relating  to  the  carrying  of  deadly  weapons  do  not  extend  to  police 
or  other  officers  or  persons  who  are  entitled  by  the  law  to  carry  such  deadly 
weapons,  nor  does  it  extend  to  the  act  of  handling  or  moving  such 
deadly  weapons  in  any  ordinary  business  way. 

SEC.  5.  All  pistols,  knives,  and  other  weapons,  the  carrying  of  which 
upon  the  person  is  unlawful,  which  may  be  found  upon  the  persons  of 
individuals  arrested  by  the  Centennial  guard,  shall  be  seized  by  the  captain 
of  the  guard,  or  some  one  by  him  authorized  to  do  so,  and  shall  be  retained 
by  him  and  forfeited  to  the  mayor  and  board  of  aldermen,  and  shall  in  no 
case  be  returned  to  the  individual  from  whom  the  same  is  taken,  or  to 
anyone  claiming  the  same,  unless  the  recorder  shall  adjudge  otherwise. 


Ten nessee  Cen  ten  n  ial  Exp osition .  183 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  male  person  of  the  age  of  sixteen 
years  or  over  (except  an  officer  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty)  to  ride  or 
walk  the  streets  or  other  public  places  of  the  city  in  company  with  a  pub- 
lic prostitute,  and  any  person  convicted  of  a  violation  of  this  ordinance 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  7.  Whoever  shall,  within  the  corporate  limits  of  this  city,  be  found 
in  a  state  of  intoxication  in  any  public  place  or  building,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  8.  Whoever  shall,  within  the  corporate  limits  of  this  city,  willfully 
disturb  the  peace  of  others— 

By  violent,  tumultuous,  or  offensive  conduct; 

By  loud  or  unusual  noises; 

By  unseemly,  profane,  obscene,  or  offensive  language; 

By  language  calculated  to  provoke  a  breach  of  the  peace; 

By  assaulting,  striking,  or  fighting  another; 

By  committing  a  nuisance; 

By  carrying  concealed  weapons; 

By  the  discharge  of  firearms; 

By  selling  or  offering  for  sale  articles  without  license; 

By  cutting,  breaking,  injuring,  defacing,  or  ill-using  any  building,  tree, 
plant,  or  leaf,  or  any  other  thing  or  property; 

By  walking  on  grass  plots  after  being  warned  to  desist; 

By  bringing  liquor  into  the  grounds,  except  under  special  permit  from 
the  "Exposition  authorities; 

By  climbing  or  attempting  to  climb  the  fence  around  the  ground,  or 
walking  upon  the  grass  anywhere  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city  — 

Shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  9.  Whoever  shall  commit  such  conduct  as  set  forth  in  the  fore- 
going section,  in  any  house  or  premises  owned  or  occupied  by  him  or 
under  his  management  or  control,  so  that  others  in  the  vicinity  are  dis- 
turbed thereby,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  10.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  solicit  subscriptions  or  contributions 
after  being  warned  to  desist. 

SEC.  ii.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  bathe  in  any  of  the  interior  waters  of 
the  ground. 

SEC.  12.  Any  three  or  more  persons  who  shall,  within  the  corporate 
limits,  either  in  houses  or  elsewhere,  assemble  together  with  the  intent,  or, 
being  assembled,  shall  mutually  agree  to  do  any  unlawful  act  with  force 
or  violence,  against  the  property  of  the  city,  or  any  property  belonging  to 
individuals  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  against  the  peace  or  to  the  terror 
of  others,  or  shall  make  any  movement  or  preparation  to  carry  out  such 
intent  or  threat,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  13.  It  shall  be  unlawful,  and  is  hereby  declared  a  misdemeanor, 
for  any  person  to  resist  or  offer  violence  when  arrested,  or  attempted  to  be 
arrested,  or  on  being  arrested  by  a  lawful  officer;  and  the  word  resist  shall 


184  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

include  all  persons  who  shall  directly  or  indirectly  influence  another  to 
offer  resistance  to  the  officer  making  the  arrest,  or  attempting  to  make  the 
arrest. 

SEC.  14.  Whoever  shall,  within  the  corporate  limits  of  this  city,  whether 
on  the  grounds  or  in  a  public  house,  appear  in  any  public  place  naked,  or 
in  any  dress  not  belonging  to  his  or  her  sex,  or  in  an  indecent  or  lewd  dress, 
or  shall  make  any  indecent  or  lewd  act  or  behavior,  or  shall  exhibit,  sell, 
or  offer  for  sale,  any  obscene,  vulgar,  or  libelous  books,  picture,  paper,  or 
publication  of  any  character  whatsoever,  which  shall  be  adjudged  vulgar 
or  obscene,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  15.  The  proprietor  of  any  such  exhibition,  who  shall  willfully  per- 
mit any  violation  of  the  above  section,  or  participate  in  the  same,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  16.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  paint  or  mark  upon  any 
wall  or  fence,  or  upon  any  pavement  or  steps,  upon  houses  or  other 
objects  about  the  streets,  grounds,  or  public  places  of  this  city,  or  to  in 
any  way  disfigure  by  writing,  figuring,  or  marking  them  in  any  way  what- 
ever, or  interfere  without  authority  with  fire  hose,  fire  plugs,  or  other 
apparatus,  telegraph,  telephone,  electric  wire,  and  other  electric  apparatus, 
and  such  action  shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor. 

SNEC.  17.  The  sale  of  beer  may  be  authorized  within  the  city  limits  under 
proper  regulation,  and  the  sale  of  wine  may  be  authorized  as  a  restaurant 
privilege;  but  neither  wine  nor  beer  must  be  sold  without  authority  from 
the  officers  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  Company,  and  no  bar  for  the 
sale  of  intoxicants  shall  be  permitted  within  the  corporate  limits;  and  a 
violation  of  this  ordinance  shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  18.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  or  persons  whatever  to 
deposit  or  cause  or  permit  to  be  deposited,  on  any  streets,  alleys,  or  lakes 
within  the  limits  of  this  city,  any  ashes,  sweepings,  cleanings  from  houses, 
slops  or  dirty  water,  or  any  other  filth,  trash,  or  offensive  matter  whatever, 
and  any  persons  so  offending  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  19.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  captain  of  the  guard,  or  his  authorized 
deputy,  to  enter  at  least  twice  a  week,  or  oftener  if  so  directed  by  the  mayor, 
into  and  examine  the  condition  of  any  building,  cellar,  or  privy,  or  other 
place  supposed  to  be  foul,  damp,  or  otherwise  injurious  to  health,  or  being 
or  tending  to  become  a  nuisance.  Notification  shall  be  given  to  the  owner 
or  occupant  of  the  premises  to  move  or  abate  the  same,  and  if  he  fail  to 
do  so  at  once,  such  nuisance  or  anything  tending  to  constitute  a  nuisance, 
shall  be  moved  or  abated  by  the  city  at  the  cost  of  the  owner  of  the  prem- 
ises, and  a  failure  to  abate  the  nuisance  when  so  notified,  within  twenty- 
four  hours,  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  20.  Whoever  shall  be  convicted  of  a  misdemeanor  under  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  city  a  sum  not 
less  than  three  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  and  may  be  expelled  from  the 
city  limits  by  the  officer  of  the  guard  temporarily  or  permanently,  at  the 


Ten nessee  Cen ten n ial  Exposition .  185 

discretion  of  the  recorder.  The  word  misdemeanor,  as  used  in  this  chap- 
ter, is  not  employed  in  its  ordinary  legal  sense,  but  with  a  view  to  bring 
under  a  general  head  the  offenses  hereinbefore  specified. 

SEC.  21.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after 
its  passage,  the  welfare  of  the  city  requiring  it. 

NORMAN  FARREI,!,,  Mayor. 
Passed  April  3,  1897. 

CHAPTER  2. 

AN  ORDINANCE)  to  exclude  from  the  limits  of  the  Centennial  City  dogs  and  other 

animals. 

SECTION  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the  Centennial 
City,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Centennial  guard  to  take  every 
dog  or  other  animal  going  at  large  within  the  limits  of  the  Centennial 
City  and  eject  the  same,  unless  such  animal  shall  have  been  brought  in  for 
exhibition  purposes  under  proper  permit. 

SEC.  2.  Beit  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after  its 
passage,  the  welfare  of  the  city  requiring  it. 

NORMAN  FARREI,!,,  Mayor. 

Passed  May,  1897. 

CHAPTER  3. 

AN  ORDINANCE  in  regard  to  bawdy  houses  and  sporting  women. 

SECTION  i .  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Board  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the 
Centennial  City,  That  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  restaurant  keeper, 
concessionaire,  or  exhibitor,  to  knowingly  or  wilfully  employ  or  keep  any 
woman  of  ill  repute  within  the  limits  of  this  city;  and  it  is  hereby  declared 
to  be  sufficient  evidence  to  such  restaurant  keeper,  concessionaire,  or 
exhibitor,  of  the  character  of  such  women  that  he  is  notified  by  the  Cen- 
tennial guard  upon  order  of  the  mayor. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  woman  or  girl  notoriously  aban- 
doned to  lewdness,  to  be  employed  or  loiter  around  the  premises  of  any 
restaurant  keeper,  concessionaire  or  exhibitor;  or  accost,  call,  or  stop  any 
person  passing  by,  or  walking  up  and  down  the  sidewalk,  or  stroll  about 
the  streets  of  the  city. 

SEC.  3.  The  person  guilty  of  a  violation  of  the  foregoing  sections  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after 
its  passage,  the  welfare  of  the  city  requiring  it. 

NORMAN  FARREI,!,,  Mayor. 

Passed  May,  1897. 

H.  Doc.  515 13 


1 86  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 


CHAPTER  4. 

AN  ORDINANCE  for  the  suppression  of  loafing  and  vagrancy  and  to  declare  the  sale 
of  intoxicants,  except  wine  and  beer,  a  misdemeanor,  and  prescribe  the  penalty  for 
the  violation  thereof. 

SECTION  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Board  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the 
Centennial  City,  That  it  shall  be  unlawful  to  be  found  loitering  about  the 
grounds  of  this  city  or  any  of  the  buildings  situated  therein.  Any  person 
is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  who,  having  no  apparent  means  of  subsistence, 
neglects  to  apply  himself  to  some  honest  calling,  or  who  saunters  about 
neglecting  his  or  her  business,  or  who  tries  to  maintain  himself  by  gaming 
or  other  undue  means. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  reputed  thief  or  disreputable 
character  frequenting  any  street,  walk,  building,  or  any  other  portion  of 
the  grounds  of  this  city  with  probable  intent  to  commit  a  misdemeanor  or 
felony,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  found  within  the  limits 
of  this  city  armed  with  any  dangerous  or  offensive  weapon,  or  who  shall 
be  found  to  have  in  his  possession,  without  lawful  excuse,  any  pick-lock 
key,  crow,  jack -bit,  or  other  instrument  of  housebreaking,  or  shall  be 
found  by  night  with  his  face  blackened  or  otherwise  disguised  with  any 
intent  to  commit  any  misdemeanor  or  felony  therein,  shall  be  deemed 
a  vagrant  and  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  person  wandering  abroad  and 
lodging  in  any  outhouse,  or  in  any  deserted  or  unoccupied  building,  or  in 
the  open  air,  or  in  any  cart  or  wagon,  not  having  any  means  of  subsist- 
ence, and  not  giving  a  satisfactory  account  of  himself  or  herself,  shall  be 
deemed  a  vagrant  and  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  sale  of  all  intoxicants,  except 
beer  and  wine,  as  authorized  by  the  charter  of  the  Centennial  City,  shall 
be  a  misdemeanor  and  punishable  as  such.  This  ordinance  shall  be  so 
construed  that  each  separate  sale  of  such  intoxicants  shall  constitute  a 
misdemeanor. 

SEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after  its 
passage,  the  public  welfare  requiring  it. 

NORMAN  FARREW,,  Mayor. 

Passed  May,  1897. 

CHAPTER  5. 

AN  ORDINANCE  to  prohibit  fireworks,  music,  explosives,  keeping  disorderly  house, 
disturbing  peace,  soliciting  trade  or  alms,  and  smoking  in  buildings,  and  to  govern 
operations  of  concessions. 

SECTION  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Board  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the 
Centennial  City,  That  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  play  upon  any 
hand  organ  or  other  musical  instrument  in  any  street,  lane,  or  other  public 


Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition.  187 

place  in  this  city,  without  permission  of  the  Centennial  City  authorities, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  2.  That  if  any  person  or  persons  shall  cast,  throw,  or  fire  any 
squib,  rocket,  cracker,  or  other  combustible  fireworks  in  the  limits  of  the 
corporation,  every  such  person  for  every  such  offense  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor;  but  special  exceptions  to  this  provision  may  be  granted  by 
the  Centennial  City  authorities. 

SEC.  3.  That  any  person  smoking  in  the  auditorium,  or  any  building 
containing  exhibits,  after  being  warned  to  desist  therefrom,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  4.  That  if  the  proprietors  of  any  beer  halls  or  restaurant  shall  sell 
beer  or  wine  after  the  time  authorized  by  the  Centennial  City  authorities, 
to  wit,  eleven  o'clock  on  ordinary  nights  and  half-past  eleven  on  Saturday 
or  such  other  nights,  as  may  be  specially  designated  by  said  authorities, 
they  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  5.  Any  person  or  persons  who,  being  proprietors,  managers,  or 
operators  of  concessions  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  shall  allow  patrons  or 
other  persons  within  concession  after  the  time  designated  by  the  Centen- 
nial City  authorities  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  6.  Whoever  shall  permit  such  conduct  as  set  forth  in  the  latter  part 
of  this  section  in  any  house  or  premises  owned  or  occupied  by  him  or  under 
his  management  or  control,  so  that  others  in  the  vicinity  are  disturbed 
thereby,  to  wit,  by  violent,  tumultuous,  or  offensive  conduct;  by  loud  or 
unusual  noises;  by  unseemly,  profane,  obscene,  or  offensive  language;  by 
language  calculated  to  provoke  a  breach  of  the  peace;  by  assaulting,  strik- 
ing, or  fighting  another;  by  committing  a  nuisance;  by  carrying  concealed 
weapons;  by  discharge  of  firearms;  by  selling  or  offering  for  sale  articles 
without  license;  by  cutting,  breaking,  injuring,  defacing,  or  ill  using  any 
building,  tree,  plant,  or  leaf,  or  any  other  thing  or  property;  by  walking 
on  grass  plots  after  being  warned  to  desist;  by  bringing  liquor  into  the 
grounds,  except  under  special  permit  from  the  Centennial  City  authorities; 
by  climbing  or  attempting  to  climb  the  fence  around  the  grounds,  or  walk- 
ing upon  the  grass  anywhere  in  the  limits  of  the  city,  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor. 

SEC.  7.  Whoever  shall  within  this  city  keep  a  disorderly  house,  or  per- 
mit in  his  house,  or  any  tenement  in  his  possession  under  his  control,  any 
person  to  be  drunk,  noisy,  and  boisterous  in  his  behavior,  to  the  annoyance 
of  any  person,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  8.  The  aisles  in  the  several  exhibit  buildings  in  this  city  shall  be 
deemed  public  highways  or  streets,  and  whoever  shall  obstruct  the  same, 
solicit  subscriptions,  alms,  or  contributions,  or  drum  or  solicit  trade  there, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  9.  Whoever  shall  be  convicted  of  a  misdemeanor  under  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  city  the  sum  of  not  less 
than  three  dollars  nor  mere  than  fifty  dollars,  and  may  be  expelled  from 


1 88  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition. 

the  city  limits  by  the  officer  of  the  guard,  temporarily  or  permanently,  at 
the  discretion  of  the  recorder.  The  word  misdemeanor,  as  used  in  this 
chapter,  is  not  employed  in  its  ordinary  legal  sense,  but  with  a  view  to  bring 
under  a  general  head  the  offenses  hereinbefore  specified. 

SEC.  10.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after 
its  passage,  the  public  welfare  of  the  city  requiring  it. 

NORMAN  PARRELS,  Mayor. 

Passed  August  12,  1897. 


APPENDIX  M. 

AN  ACT  for  the  admission  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  into  the  Union. 

Whereas  by  the  acceptance  of  the  deed  of  cession  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina,  Congress  are  bound  to  lay  out  into  one  or  more  States  the  terri- 
tory thereby  ceded  to  the  United  States: 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  whole  of  the  territory 
ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina  shall  be  one 
State,  and  the  same  is  hereby  declared  to  be  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  States  in  all  respects  what- 
ever, by  the  name  and  title  of  the  State  of  Tennessee.  That  until  the 
next  general  census  the  said  State  of  Tennessee  shall  be  entitled  to  one 
Representative  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States,  and 
in  all  other  respects,  as  far  as  they  may  be  applicable,  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  shall  extend  to  and  have  force  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  in 
the  same  manner  as  if  that  State  had  originally  been  one  of  the  United 
States. 

JONATHAN  DAYTON, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

SAMUEL  LIVERMORE, 
President  of  the  Senate  pro  tempore. 
Approved,  June  the  first,  1796. 
GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 

President  of  the  United  States. 

O 


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